Appliances & Electronics
DuPont
Delrin® 150 NC010
Polymer Name: Polyacetal Homopolymer (POM)
Processing Methods: Sheet, Plaques & Profiles Extrusion, Injection Molding, Extrusion
Additives Included: Mold Release Agent
Flexural Modulus: 2900.0 - 2900.0 MPa
Delrin® 150 NC010 is a high viscosity acetal homopolymer specifically designed for extrusion processes. It has excellent thermal stability, low die deposit, and enhanced crystallization for low porosity.
Mitsubishi Chemical Group
jER™ YX7105
Chemical Family: Epoxy & Epoxy Derivatives
End Uses: Semiconductor Applications
Polymer Name: Epoxy Resins & Compounds
Compatible Substrates & Surfaces: Glass, Fibers & Fabrics, Metal, Plastics, Steel, Aluminum, Ceramic, Concrete & Masonry
jER™ YX7105 is a liquid-type epoxy resin with toughness, flexibility, and high stretchability. It is used as an impact modifier for semiconductor, printed electronics and wearable devices to avoid bending and warpage. Features Excellent adhesion Good toughness Good mechanical, impact and crack resistance Excellent elasticity and flexibility Applications Printed electronics (resist ink, build-up wire board, flexible printed wire board, metal core printed circuit board) Semiconductor manufacturing (liquid mold compound, underfill, sidefill, diebonding, ACF, NCF, ACP, NCP) Base film and sheet for wearable devices Coatings Adhesives
DuPont
Kalrez® Spectrum™ 6375
Polymer Name: Perfluoroelastomer (FFKM)
Physical Form: Seals, Custom, Diaphragms, O-rings, Valve Seats
Features: High Temperature Resistance, Good Thermal Stability, Chemical Resistant
End Uses: Valve Parts, Electrical Connectors, Logging While Drilling Tools, Semiconductor Applications, Ball Valves, Measurement While Drilling Tools, Valves, Electric Submersible Pump
Color: Black
Kalrez® Spectrum™ 6375 is designed to give outstanding performance in the widest possible range of chemicals and temperatures. Mixed streams, once a problem for many chemical processors, can now be handled by 6375, furthermore, the curing system also allows for a maximum service temperature of 275°C (525 °F) which translates to increased chemical resistance over all temperature ranges, especially if high temperature process excursions occur. This combination of chemical and thermal resistance provides advantages for chemical processors. Kalrez® Spectrum™ 6375 is a carbon black-filled product for general use in O-rings, seals, diaphragms and other parts specifically for the chemical process industry. This product has excellent broad chemical resistance, good mechanical properties, and outstanding hot-air aging properties. Kalrez® Spectrum™ 6375 is well suited for use in mixed process streams because of its excellent resistance to acids, bases, and amines. It is also recommended for use in hot water, steam, pure ethylene oxide and propylene oxide.
Mitsubishi Chemical Group
jER™ YX8000D
Chemical Family: Bisphenol Epoxy Resins, Epoxy & Epoxy Derivatives, Bisphenol A Type Epoxy
End Uses: Semiconductor Applications, Radiation Curable Coating
Polymer Name: Epoxy Resins & Compounds
Compatible Substrates & Surfaces: Glass, Fibers & Fabrics, Metal, Plastics, Steel, Aluminum, Ceramic, Concrete & Masonry
jER™ YX8000D is a hydrogenated bisphenol A-type liquid epoxy resin with significantly lower chlorine impurity levels than other commercially available products. It can be used for wide variety of optical adhesives and encapsulants.FeaturesExcellent adhesionFast cure timeLow chlorine contentExcellent transparencyLED-curableUV-curableApplicationsConsumer appliances and electronicsElectrical and electronic displaysElectronics adhesivesPotting compoundsSemiconductor manufacturingLEDs
DuPont
Delrin® 100 NC010
Polymer Name: Polyacetal Homopolymer (POM)
Processing Methods: Sheet, Plaques & Profiles Extrusion, Injection Molding, Extrusion
Additives Included: Mold Release Agent
Flexural Modulus: 2800.0 - 2800.0 MPa
Delrin® 100 is a high viscosity acetal homopolymer for use in easy-to-fill molds. Delrin® 100 provides optimum mechanical performance with its excellent combination of toughness and strength.
DuPont
Kalrez® Spectrum™ 7075
Polymer Name: Perfluoroelastomer (FFKM)
Physical Form: Seals, Custom, Diaphragms, O-rings, Valve Seats
Features: Good Seal Force Retention, High Temperature Resistance, Low Compression Set, Good Thermal Stability, Chemical Resistant
End Uses: Flanges, Semiconductor Applications, Pump Parts, Hot Glue Delivery Nozzle, Valves, Valve Parts
Color: Black
Kalrez® perfluoroelastomer parts are the material of choice for mechanical seals, valves, flanges and other demanding chemical and hydrocarbon processing applications. Kalrez® Spectrum™ 7075 has enhanced physical properties including very low compression set and improved seal force retention. It is a carbon black-filled product utilizing proprietary cure chemistry. Its mechanical properties are designed for improved sealing performance in both high temperature environments and temperature cycling situations. Kalrez® Spectrum™ 7075 O-rings have a glossy finish. This product was developed specifically for the chemical and hydrocarbon industries to provide improved chemical and thermal resistance better than the industry standard set by Kalrez® 4079.
DuPont
Delrin® 100P NC010
Polymer Name: Polyacetal Homopolymer (POM)
Processing Methods: Extrusion, Sheet, Plaques & Profiles Extrusion, Injection Molding
Additives Included: Mold Release Agent, Lubricant (Unspecified)
Flexural Modulus: 2800.0 - 2800.0 MPa
Delrin® 100P is a high viscosity acetal homopolymer for use in easy-to-fill molds. Delrin® 100P provides a great combination of toughness and strength, improved processing thermal stability and productivity for injection molding, and low VOC emissions.
DuPont
Hytrel® 6356
Polymer Name: Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer (TPC-ET)
Processing Methods: Film Extrusion, Thermoforming, Casting, Injection Molding, Extrusion, Sheet, Plaques & Profiles Extrusion
End Uses: Fuel Tanks, Wire & Cable Applications, Gears, Hoses, Cosmetic Packaging, Appliances, Pipes, Automotive Applications, Corrugated Pipe, Monofilaments, Sporting Goods, Thermoforming Applications, Tubing, Electrical/Electronic Applications, Office Automation Equipment
Density: 1220.0 - 1220.0 kg/m³
Strain at Break: 300.0 - 300.0 %
Flexural Modulus: 290.0 - 290.0 MPa
Hytrel® 6356 is a medium modulus grade with nominal hardness of 63D. It contains non-discoloring stabilizer. It can be processed by many conventional thermoplastic processing techniques like injection molding and extrusion.Typical applications:Hose and tubing, mandrels, wire and cable, film, profiles, seals, gears, sprockets, fuel tanks, containers with good permeation resistance to gases and liquids.
Chi Mei Corporation
Wonderloy® PC-540
Polymer Name: PC/ABS Alloy
Processing Methods: Injection Molding
Density: 1180.0 - 1180.0 kg/m³
Flexural Modulus: 2500.0 - 2500.0 MPa
WONDERLOY® PC-540 is a Polycarbonate + ABS (PC+ABS) product. It can be processed by injection molding and is available in Africa & Middle East, Asia Pacific, Europe, Latin America, or North America.Characteristics include: Flame Rated RoHS Compliant Flame Retardant Halogen Free
Mitsubishi Chemical Group
jER™ YL980
Chemical Family: Bisphenol Epoxy Resins, Epoxy & Epoxy Derivatives, Bisphenol A Type Epoxy
End Uses: Semiconductor Applications
Polymer Name: Epoxy Resins & Compounds
Compatible Substrates & Surfaces: Glass, Fibers & Fabrics, Metal, Steel, Plastics, Aluminum, Ceramic, Concrete & Masonry
jER™ YL980 is is a Bisphenol A-type liquid epoxy resin with significantly low chlorine content. It can be used for electrical and electronic applications. Benefits Excellent adhesiveness Maintains high electrical reliability Features Chemical, heat and water resistant Electrical insulating properties Significantly low chlorine content (below 500 ppm) Applications Electrical and electronic applications Potting & encapsulation materials Adhesives
DuPont
Hytrel® 7246
Polymer Name: Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer (TPC-ET)
Processing Methods: Thermoforming, Extrusion, Sheet, Plaques & Profiles Extrusion, Film Extrusion, Casting, Injection Molding
End Uses: Hoses, SRS Pretensioner, Automotive Safety Retractor, Cable Jacketing, SRS Airbag, SRS Actuator, Sporting Goods, Electrical/Electronic Applications, Office Automation Equipment, Automotive Safety, Cast Films, Cosmetic Packaging, Appliances, Pipes, Automotive Applications, Corrugated Pipe, SRS Adjuster, SRS Seatbelt, Connectors, Monofilaments, Film, Safety Restrain System, EV Charger, Automotive Safety Pushbutton, Thermoforming Applications, Tubing, SRS Pillar Loop, Wire & Cable Applications, Safety Equipment, Signal Cord
Density: 1260.0 - 1260.0 kg/m³
Strain at Break: 300.0 - 300.0 %
Flexural Modulus: 550.0 - 550.0 MPa
Hytrel® 7246 is a high modulus grade with nominal hardness of 72D. It contains non-discoloring stabilizer. It can be processed by many conventional thermoplastic processing techniques like injection molding and extrusion.The 72 Shore D hardness is based on a legacy method and is still used for grade identification purposes.Typical applications:Tubing, wire and cable jackets, gears and sprockets, oil field parts.
Mitsubishi Chemical Group
jER™ YX7110
Chemical Family: Epoxy & Epoxy Derivatives
End Uses: Semiconductor Applications
Polymer Name: Epoxy Resins & Compounds
jER™ YX7110 is a tough and flexible liquid-type epoxy resin. It can be used as an impact modifier for brittle materials, as an additive to increase impact resistance, and for stress relaxation to avoid cracking and warpage. Features Adduct formed from the reaction of epichlorohydrin and an aliphatic and aromatic polyol Crack and impact resistance Excellent flexibility and elasticity High viscosity Low warpage Maintains flexibility even after full-curing Applications Coatings Adhesives Composites Potting and encapsulation materials Base film/sheet for wearable devices
DIC Corporation
DIC.PPS® Z-230
Polymer Name: Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS)
Processing Methods: Injection Molding
Fillers Included: Glass Fiber
Additives Included: Flame Retardant
Outline: Z-230 is a 30% glass fiber reinforced super tough PPS compound that provides excellent impact, thermal shock, and hot water resistance. Color: Black
Mitsubishi Chemical Group
jER™ YX4000
Chemical Family: Epoxy & Epoxy Derivatives
End Uses: Powder Coating, Semiconductor Applications
Polymer Name: Epoxy Resins & Compounds
Compatible Substrates & Surfaces: Glass, Fibers & Fabrics, Metal, Steel, Plastics, Aluminum, Ceramic, Concrete & Masonry
jER™ YX4000 is a biphenol-type solid epoxy resin with significantly low melt viscosity, low water absorption and a good balance between adhesiveness and rigidity against stress. It can be used for electrical and electronic applications. Features Abrasion, heat and water resistance Electrical insulation Wear resistance Product Highlights Significantly low melt viscosity (melting point: 108°C) Low chroline content Low water absorption Applications Electrical and electronic applications (EMC, solder resist, PCB) Potting and encapsulation materials Powder coatings for ship bottoms Adhesives Composites
Mitsubishi Chemical Group
jER™ YX8040
Chemical Family: Epoxy & Epoxy Derivatives
End Uses: Semiconductor Applications
Polymer Name: Epoxy Resins & Compounds
jER™ YX8040 is a hydrogenated bisphenol A-type solid epoxy resin, with high molecular weight. IOt can be used for optical materials such as LED encapsulants and adhesives for displays. Features High purity Transparency LED-curable UV-curable
Mitsubishi Chemical Group
METABLEN™ S 2001
Function: Impact Modifier
Compatible Polymers & Resins: Polycarbonates (PC), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Polylactic Acid (PLA), Polyamides, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Recycled Plastics, Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA), Polyesters
Processing Methods: Injection Molding
End Uses: Appliances, Semiconductor Applications, Battery Cases
METABLEN™ S-2001 is a silicone-acrylic rubber-type impact modifier with high impact strength in all temperatures and excellent weatherability. It can be used with ABS, PC, PLA, and other matrix resins in a variety of automotive, aerospace and electric and electronic applications. Features Can be used with recycled plastics Good weather stability Low temperature impact resistance
Greene Tweed
Chemraz™ XRZ
Polymer Name: Perfluoroelastomer (FFKM)
Features: High Purity, Low Compression Set
Chemraz XRZ is a Perfluoroelastomer product. It is available in North America. Applications of Chemraz XRZ include engineering/industrial parts and sealing applications. Primary characteristic: high purity.
DuPont
Hytrel® 5556
Polymer Name: Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer (TPC-ET)
Processing Methods: Coating, Film Extrusion, Thermoforming, Casting, Injection Molding, Extrusion, Sheet, Plaques & Profiles Extrusion
End Uses: Cast Films, Wire & Cable Applications, Hoses, Cosmetic Packaging, Appliances, Pipes, Automotive Applications, Corrugated Pipe, Monofilaments, Cable Jacketing, Sporting Goods, Thermoforming Applications, Tubing, Electrical/Electronic Applications, Office Automation Equipment
Density: 1190.0 - 1190.0 kg/m³
Strain at Break: 300.0 - 300.0 %
Flexural Modulus: 190.0 - 190.0 MPa
Hytrel® 5556 is a medium modulus Hytrel® grade with nominal durometer hardness of 55D. It contains non-discoloring stabilizer. It can be processed by many conventional thermoplastic processing techniques like injection molding and extrusion.Typical applications:Hose and tubing, wire and cable, film and sheeting, belting.
DuPont
Hytrel® 4556
Polymer Name: Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer (TPC-ET)
Processing Methods: Film Extrusion, Thermoforming, Casting, Injection Molding, Extrusion, Sheet, Plaques & Profiles Extrusion, Coating
End Uses: Belts/Belt Repair, Hoses, Cosmetic Packaging, Appliances, Crates, Automotive Applications, Containers, Cable Jacketing, Hose Jackets, Film, Sporting Goods, Thermoforming Applications, Tubing, Electrical/Electronic Applications, Office Automation Equipment, Cast Films
Density: 1140.0 - 1140.0 kg/m³
Strain at Break: 300.0 - 300.0 %
Flexural Modulus: 87.0 - 87.0 MPa
Hytrel® 4556 is a medium modulus grade with nominal hardness of 45D. It contains non-discoloring stabilizer. It can be processed by many conventional thermoplastic processing techniques like injection molding and extrusion.
DuPont
Delrin® SC698 NC010
Polymer Name: Polyacetal Homopolymer (POM)
Processing Methods: Injection Molding
Additives Included: Mold Release Agent
Flexural Modulus: 3000.0 - 3000.0 MPa
Common features of Delrin® acetal resins include mechanical and physical properties such as high mechanical strength and rigidity, excellent fatigue and impact resistance, as well as resistance to moisture, gasoline, lubricants, solvents, and many other neutral chemicals. Delrin® acetal resins also have excellent dimensional stability and good electrical insulating characteristics. They are naturally resilient, self-lubricating, and available in a variety of colors and speciality grades. Delrin® acetal resin typically is used in demanding applications in the automotive, domestic appliances, sports, industrial engineering, electronics, and consumer goods industries. Delrin® SC698 NC010 is a lubricated low viscosity acetal homopolymer, developed for high precision thin-walled parts requiring low wear and low friction with excellent surface aspect.
Kraton
Kraton™ FG1901 G
Polymer Name: Styrene Ethylene Butylene Styrene (SEBS)
Chemical Family: Styrene Copolymers, Styrenic Block Copolymers, Styrenics
Additives Included: Impact Modifier
Processing Methods: Compounding
Features: Linear Polymer Structure
Kraton FG1901 G is a clear, linear triblock copolymer based on styrene and ethylene/butylene with a polystyrene content of 30%. It is supplied from North America in the physical form identified below. FG1901 GT - supplied as a dusted pellet Kraton FG1901 G is used as a modifier of bitumen and polymers. It is also suitable as an ingredient in formulating compounds for footwear applications and may be used in formulating adhesives, sealants, and coatings.
Mitsubishi Chemical Group
jER™ YX8800
Chemical Family: Epoxy & Epoxy Derivatives
End Uses: Powder Coating, Semiconductor Applications
Polymer Name: Epoxy Resins & Compounds
Compatible Substrates & Surfaces: Glass, Fibers & Fabrics, Metal, Steel, Plastics, Aluminum, Ceramic, Concrete & Masonry
jER™ YX8800 is an anthracene-type epoxy resin with significantly low melt viscosity, high Tg and low-CTE. It can be used for electrical and electronic applications, carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) and other applications that require flame retardancy. Benefits High flame retardancy Well-balanced mechanical properies High electrical reliability Features Abrasion, heat and water resistance Electrical insulation Good thermal stability High glass tansition temperature Low CLTE Significantly low melt viscosity (melting point: 107°C) Low chroline content Applications Electrical and electronic applications (EMC, solder resist, PCB) Potting and encapsulation materials. Powder coatings Adhesives Composites
DuPont
Hytrel® 3078
Polymer Name: Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer (TPC-ET)
Processing Methods: Film Extrusion, Thermoforming, Blow Molding, Casting, Injection Molding, Compounding, Calendering, Extrusion, Sheet, Plaques & Profiles Extrusion, Coating
End Uses: Cosmetic Packaging, Appliances, Automotive Applications, Film, Sporting Goods, Thermoforming Applications, Tubing, Electrical/Electronic Applications, Office Automation Equipment, Cast Films, Wire & Cable Applications
Density: 1070.0 - 1070.0 kg/m³
Strain at Break: 300.0 - 300.0 %
Flexural Modulus: 27.0 - 27.0 MPa
Hytrel® 3078 is a very low modulus grade, with nominal hardness of 30D. It contains non-discoloring stabilizer. It can be processed by many conventional thermoplastic processing techniques like injection molding and extrusion.Food compliance:Refer to Hytrel® 3078FGTypical applications:Compounding, extrusion, injection molded and over-molded parts for consumer use.
Polyplastics Group
Topas® 8007S-04
Polymer Name: Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC)
Processing Methods: Injection Molding
TOPAS® 8007S-04Product DescriptionTOPAS 8007S-04 is a general purpose injection molding grade. It is a glass-clear amorphous polymer with outstanding moisture barrier, chemical resistance, high purity and a non-reactive surface making it an excellent choice for healthcare and other high-tech products. Lower leachables and extractables of TOPAS COC preserve content stability and quality. It is a non-polar substrate that does not promote adsorption, denaturation, aggregation, or precipitation like glass can. Analytical results are more accurate with TOPAS COC in contact with sensitive chemistries.Selected Applications Drug delivery Prefilled syringes, vials, cartridges Bottles and tubes Surgical instruments IV containers and components Labware Optics Electronics Food packaging Healthcare and food contact Leading Attributes Low leachables & extractables, low water transmission Non-ionic, does not promote adsorption like glass Minimally reactive Chemically resistant to alcohol, acetone, and acrylates Transparent, withstands EtO and gamma sterilization Temperature resistance, clarity and purity Clarity, low birefringence, low moisture sensitivity Low dielectric constant, thermoplastic Not manufactured with BPA, phthalates, or halogens Broad regulatory compliance Related Grades for Injection Molding, Healthcare, Optics and Diagnostics TOPAS 8007X10 - our highest ultraviolet (UV) transmission grade TOPAS® 8007S-04TOPAS® 8007S-04 is a Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) product. It is available in Asia Pacific.Characteristics include: Flame Rated Copolymer
DuPont
Delrin® 577 BK000
Polymer Name: Polyacetal Homopolymer (POM)
Processing Methods: Injection Molding
Fillers Included: Glass Fiber
Additives Included: Mold Release Agent
Flexural Modulus: 4600.0 - 4600.0 MPa
Delrin® 577 is a medium viscosity acetal homopolymer (Polyoxymethylene POM) containing 20% glass fiber filler for injection molding. It has very high stiffness, low warpage, and good creep resistance for superior performance at elevated temperature. It contains carbon black for improved weathering.
DuPont
Hytrel® 8238
Polymer Name: Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer (TPC-ET)
Processing Methods: Film Extrusion, Thermoforming, Casting, Injection Molding, Extrusion, Sheet, Plaques & Profiles Extrusion
End Uses: Cast Films, Wire & Cable Applications, Gears, Hoses, Cosmetic Packaging, Appliances, Pipes, Automotive Applications, Corrugated Pipe, Connectors, Monofilaments, Cable Jacketing, Film, Sporting Goods, Thermoforming Applications, Tubing, Electrical/Electronic Applications, Office Automation Equipment
Density: 1280.0 - 1280.0 kg/m³
Strain at Break: 300.0 - 300.0 %
Flexural Modulus: 1150.0 - 1150.0 MPa
Hytrel® 8238 is the highest modulus grade, with nominal hardness of 82D. It contains non-discoloring stabilizer. It can be processed by many conventional thermoplastic processing techniques like injection molding and extrusion.Typical applications:Cubing, wire and cable, gears, sprockets, electrical connectors and oil field parts.
DuPont
Zytel® 70G30HSLR BK099
Polymer Name: Polyamide 66 (PA 66)
Processing Methods: Injection Molding
Fillers Included: Glass Fiber
Additives Included: Mold Release Agent, Lubricant (Unspecified)
Flexural Modulus: 9000.0 - 9000.0 MPa
Zytel® 70G30HSLR BK099 is a 30% glass fiber reinforced, heat stabilized, hydrolysis-resistant polyamide 66 resin for injection molding.
DuPont
Delrin® FG911DP NC010
Polymer Name: Polyacetal Homopolymer (POM)
Processing Methods: Extrusion, Sheet, Plaques & Profiles Extrusion, Injection Molding
Additives Included: Mold Release Agent, Lubricant (Unspecified)
Flexural Modulus: 3300.0 - 3300.0 MPa
Delrin® FG911DP is a low viscosity acetal homopolymer with enhanced crystallization for faster cycle times and excellent creep and fatigue resistance. It has improved thermal stability, excellent dimensional stability, low warpage, and fewer voids. It has been developed for applications in contact with food.
DuPont
Hytrel® 5526
Polymer Name: Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer (TPC-ET)
Processing Methods: Thermoforming, Injection Molding
End Uses: Cosmetic Packaging, Appliances, Thermoforming Applications, Automotive Applications, Electrical/Electronic Applications, Office Automation Equipment, Bearings
Density: 1190.0 - 1190.0 kg/m³
Strain at Break: 300.0 - 300.0 %
Flexural Modulus: 200.0 - 200.0 MPa
Hytrel® 5526 is a medium modulus Hytrel® grade with nominal durometer hardness of 55D. It contains non-discoloring stabilizer. It is specially recommended for injection molding applications requiring high flow properties.Typical applications:Seals, packing and gaskets; gears and bearings.
Samyang Corporation
TRIREX® 3025U
Polymer Name: Polycarbonate (PC)
Processing Methods: Injection Molding
Additives Included: UV Stabilizer
Flexural Modulus: 23000.0 - 23000.0 MPa
TRIREX is the registered trademark of polycarbonate resin manufactured by Samyang Corporation. TRIREX polycarbonate resins offer superior mechanical properties, good dimensional stability and high electrical performance, which allows it to be widely used for electrical, electronic, appliance, automotive and optical industries. TRIREX 3025U is a UV stabilized polycarbonate resin grade which has a low melt viscosity and transparency in combination with superior physical properties. CHARACTERISTICS High ultraviolet(UV) stability High flowability Good impact resistance Workable under a wide range of temperatures (-100 ? ~ 135 ?) High electrical performance Good dimensional stability Excellent transparency Low moisture absorbency Good weather resistance APPLICATIONS TRIREX 3025U resin grade is used in out-door applications such as electric meter cover, window panes, sing board, wind break, signal lamps, and ship lights etc.
KaMin LLC
Polygloss® 90
Function: Filler & Extender
Chemical Family: Kaolins
End Uses: Waterborne Ink, Waterborne Coating
Particle Size: 0.4 - 0.4 microns
Oil Absorption: 42.0 - 42.0 g/100 g
Ultrafine, highly pulverized, premium brightness kaolin for extending high gloss solvent and water-based coatings.