Knowde Enhanced TDS
Identification & Functionality
- Chemical Family
- Chemical Name
- CASE Ingredients Functions
- Industrial Additives Functions
Features & Benefits
- Labeling Claims
- CASE Ingredients Features
Applications & Uses
- Applications
- Applicable Processes
- Industrial Additives End Use
- Applications
• Batteries
• Supercapacitors
• Sensors
• Conductive Films
• Transparent Conducting Electrodes
• Electronics
• Functional Inks
• Composites
• Catalysis
• Fuel Cells
• Lubricants
• Anti-corrosion Coatings
• Antistatic Coatings
• Thermoelectric DevicesHow to Disperse Graphene
Since graphene is hardly dispersible in any solvent medium, it is often used in its oxygenated form, the so-called graphene oxide (GO). Experiments show that PREMIUM Graphene (derived from the reduction of GO), still carries some oxygen-containing functionalities, which allows the dispersion of its sheets in a variety of polar solvents. PREMIUM Graphene can be dispersed in organic or aqueous solutions containing a surfactant by applying a mechanical force such as shear mixing, ultrasonic agitation or even ball milling. Solvents suitable for the dispersion of PREMIUM Graphene include ethylene glycol, ethanol, isopropanol, chloroform, DMF, NMP, THF, and dichlorobenzene. To get the best results, we recommend that our customers to disperse PREMIUM graphene powders using concentrations up to 0.5 mg/mL and probe sonicate or shear mix the solution for 15 minutes.
From left to right, dispersions of PREMIUM Grahene in ethylene glycol, ethanol, isopropanol, chloroform, DMF, NMP, THF, and dichlorobenzene at 0.1 mg/mL.
Properties
- Color
- Appearance
- Fluffy black powder
- Odor
- Odorless
- Insoluble in
- Water
- Typical Properties
| Value | Units | Test Method / Conditions | |
| Manufacturing Method | Reduction of GO | — | — |
| Carbon Content (XPS) | 85 - 91 | % | ISO standard: ISO_TS_21356-1_2021 |
| Oxygen Content (XPS) | 8 - 15 | % | ISO standard: ISO_TS_21356-1_2021 |
| Ash Content | max. 1 | % | ISO standard: ISO_TS_21356-1_2021 |
| Surface Area (BET nitrogen) | 650 - 750 | m²/g | ISO standard: ISO_TS_21356-1_2021 |
| Electrical Conductivity | 60 - 100 | S/m | ISO standard: ISO_TS_21356-1_2021 |
| Apparent Density (Tapped) | 0.002 - 0.005 | g/cm³ | ISO standard: ISO_TS_21356-1_2021 |
| Particle Size Distribution Of Bulk Powder (D10) | 6.99 | µm | Horiba LA-960N laser scattering particle size analyzer. |
| Particle Size Distribution Of Bulk Powder (D50) | 12.0 | µm | Horiba LA-960N laser scattering particle size analyzer. |
| Particle Size Distribution Of Bulk Powder (D90) | 19.5 | µm | Horiba LA-960N laser scattering particle size analyzer. |
| Lateral Size of rGO Flakes (D10) | 0.19 | µm | SEM of a rGO film |
| Lateral Size of rGO Flakes (D50) | 0.37 | µm | SEM of a rGO film |
| Lateral Size of rGO Flakes (D90) | 0.69 | µm | SEM of a rGO film |
Technical Details & Test Data
- Technical Analysis
Elemental Analysis
Description Value Unit Carbon (Weight) 70 - 80 % Hydrogen (Weight) 0 - 2 % Nitrogen (Weight) max. 0.3 % Oxygen (Weight) 13 - 20 % As shown from elemental analysis, the oxygen content of PREMIUM Graphene reduces to below 20 wt% from our effective reduction process from graphene oxide. At the same time, the impurity level keeps below 1%.
Raman Analysis
The Raman spectrum of PREMIUM Graphene features the D band at 1350 cm-1 , the G band at 1580 cm-1 . the appearance of the 2D band at 2690 cm-1 and the D+G band at 2900 cm-1 after the reduction of GO verifying the recovery of sp2 conjugation in PREMIUM Graphene.
XPS Analysis
The effective reduction yielding PREMIUM Graphene is also confirmed from XPS analysis, showing low content of oxygen (10.2 at%) in comparison with high content of carbon (89.7 at%). The high-resolution C1s spectrum further demonstrates the dominance of sp2 carbon (56.4%) compared to sp3 carbon (12.8%), C-O (13.4%), C=O (6.6%), and O-C=O (7.3%).
C Species Peak BE (eV) Percentage (%) sp2 284.5 56.4 sp3 285.6 12.8 C-O 286.5 13.4 C=O 288 0 6.6 O-C=O 290.9 7.3 
X-ray Diffraction
The powder XRD pattern of PREMIUM Graphene is almost featureless except for a weak and very broad hump from ~22° to 30°, confirming the exfoliated monolayer nature of the material.
Thermal Analysis
PREMIUM Graphene is stable against heat in AIR up to 400 °C, undergoing complete combustion at nearly 500 °C.
Particle Size Distribution
The particle size distribution of the PREMIUM Graphene bulk powder was measured using a Horiba LA960N laser scattering particle size analyzer, showing D10 of 6.99 µm, D50 of 12.0 µm, and D90 of 19.5 µm. When dispersed into various polar solvents, PREMIUM Graphene can resume the individual nanosheet state and uniformly casted onto various substrates, exhibiting the flake size distribution with D10 of 0.19 µm, D50 of 0.37 µm, and D90 of 0.69 µm.
SEM Imaging (Bulk Powder)
Under SEM, the bulk powder of PREMIUM Graphene exhibits a foam-like structure that is fully expanded and made of individual graphene nanosheets. The massive space between graphene sheets will facilitate the transportation of various substances and their interaction with graphene.
SEM Imaging (Dispersed Nanosheets)
After dispersing into solution, PREMIUM Graphene can be casted onto various substrates with little to no restacking due to the “unflatness” of the graphene nanosheets.
TEM Imaging
TEM imaging of PREMIUM Graphene further proves the existence of massive wrinkles and rippling on the graphene basal plane. Thanks to these unique structure, PREMIUM Graphene can maintain the high surface area without restacking, preserving most active sites that could benefit for various applications.
AFM Imaging
AFM imaging of PREMIUM Graphene film deposited on a mica substrate confirms the single layer nature of PREMIUM Graphene. Especially, the AFM image shows the crumpling and wrinkles within the graphene sheet, which greatly contributes to its high surface area and minimum restacking.
Optical Microscopy Imaging
Optical microscopy (left) and AFM (right) of PREMIUM Graphene film deposited on a silicon wafer confirm the single layer nature of PREMIUM Graphene. Especially, the AFM image shows the crumpling and wrinkles within the graphene sheet, which greatly contributes to its high surface area and minimum restacking.
