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Chlorophylls are a group of naturally occurring pigments produced in all photosynthetic plants including algae and some bacteria. Chlorophyll is mainly extracted from alfalfa (Medicago sativa), nettles (Urtica dioica) or grasses. When used as food coloring Chlorophyll is processed to replace a magnesium atom at its center with a copper atom, which makes it more stable and also able to dissolve in water.

Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) is a blue-green algae that grows naturally in freshwater. Spirulina has an extensive track record as a food supplement in many cultures. Spirulina contains green chlorophyll and phycobilins (a pigment–protein complex). The coloring properties of spirulina are the phycobilins, these are blue phycocyanins that on extraction create a range of blue hues. Spirulina color extract is available as a powder or liquid.