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Identification & Functionality
- Chemical Family
- Polymer Name
- Plastics & Elastomers Functions
- Technologies
Features & Benefits
- Materials Features
Applications & Uses
- Markets
- Plastics & Elastomers End Uses
- Plastics & Elastomers Processing Methods
Properties
- Mechanical Properties
- Thermal Properties
- Electrical Properties
- Other Properties
- Rheological Properties
- Grade Coding for Injection Molding
Arnite®A, PET non reinforced injection molding grades.
| Value | Units | Test Method / Conditions | |
| Tensile Modulus | 2500 | MPa | ISO 527-1/-2 |
| Yield Stress | 58 | MPa | ISO 527-1/-2 |
| Strain at Break | 58 | MPa | ISO 527-1/-2 |
| Value | Units | Test Method / Conditions | |
| Melting Temperature (10°C/min) | 255 | °C | ISO 11357-1/-3 |
| Temperature of Deflection Under Load (0.45 MPa) | 68 | °C | ISO 75-1/-2 |
| Value | Units | Test Method / Conditions | |
| Volume Resistivity | >1E13 | Ohm*m | IEC 62631-3-1 |
| Value | Units | Test Method / Conditions | |
| Humidity Absorption | 0.3 | % | Sim. to ISO 62 |
| Density | 1390 | kg/m³ | ISO 1183 |
| Value | Units | Test Method / Conditions | |
| Molding Shrinkage (Normal) | 1.6 | % | ISO 294-4 |
| Molding Shrinkage (Parallel) | 1.6 | % | ISO 294-4 |
Regulatory & Compliance
- Certifications & Compliance
Technical Details & Test Data
- Chemical Resistance
Chemical Name Resistance Acetaldehyde (40% by mass) at 23°C resistant Acetic acid (10% by mass) at 23°C resistant Acetic acid (95% by mass) at 23°C not resistant Acetone at 23°C resistant Acrylic acid at 23°C resistant Aliphatic amines at 23°C resistant Aliphatic hydrocarbons at 23°C resistant Alkylbenzenes at 23°C resistant Allyl alcohol at 23°C resistant Aluminum hydroxide (saturated) at 23°C resistant Aluminum salts of mineral acids (saturated) at 23°C resistant Ammonia at 23°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Ammonium salts of mineral acids (10% by mass) at 23°C resistant Ammonium thiocyanate (saturated) at 23°C resistant Amyl acetate at 100°C not resistant Amyl acetate at 23°C resistant Amyl alcohol at 23°C resistant Aniline at 23°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Anodizing liquid (HNO3/H2SO4) at 23°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Aqua Regia (HCl/HNO3) at 23°C not resistant Aromatic hydrocarbons at 23°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Bariumsalts of mineral acids at 23°C resistant Benzaldehyde at 23°C resistant Benzene at 23°C resistant Benzene at 80°C not resistant Benzoic acid (20% by mass) at 23°C resistant Benzoic acid (saturated) at 23°C resistant Benzyl alcohol at 23°C not resistant Beverages at 23°C resistant Bleaching agent (NaOCl) at 23°C resistant Boric acid (10% by mass) at 23°C resistant Butadiene at 23°C resistant Butane at 23°C resistant Butanediols at 23°C resistant Butanols at 23°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Butene-1 at 23°C resistant Butyl acetate at 23°C resistant Butyric acid (20% by mass) at 23°C resistant Calcium chloride (saturated) at 23°C resistant Calcium hydroxide (saturated) at 23°C resistant Calcium hypochloride (saturated) at 23°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Caprolactam (50% by mass) at >150°C not resistant Carbon disulfide at 23°C resistant Carbon tetrachloride at 23°C resistant Casein at 23°C resistant Chloramines (10% by mass) at 23°C not resistant Chlorine water at 23°C not resistant Chloroacetic acid (10% by mass) at 23°C not resistant Chlorobenzene at 23°C resistant Chlorobenzene at 50°C not resistant Chlorodifluoroethane at 23°C resistant Chlorodifluoromethane at 23°C resistant Chloroform at 23°C not resistant Chlorosulfonic acid (10% by mass) at 23°C not resistant Chromic acid (10% by mass) at 23°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Chromyl chloride at 23°C not resistant cis-2-butene at 23°C resistant Citric acid (10% by mass) at 23°C resistant Cobalt salt (20% by mass) at 23°C resistant Cresols at 23°C not resistant Cycloalcohols (incl their esters) at 23°C resistant Cycloalkanes at 23°C resistant Cycloalkanones at 23°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Decalin at 23°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Developer (photografic) at 23°C resistant Dibutyl phthalate at 23°C resistant Dibutyl phthalate at 60°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Dichloroethane at 23°C not resistant Dichloroethylene at 23°C not resistant Dichlorofluoromethane at 23°C resistant Dichlorotetrafluoroethane at 23°C resistant Diethyl ether at 23°C resistant Diethylene glycol at 23°C resistant Dimethyl ether at 23°C resistant Dimethylformamide at 23°C resistant Dioctyl phtalate at 23°C resistant Dioxan at 23°C resistant Dioxan at 60°C not resistant Diphenyl ether at 80°C not resistant Dipropyl ether at 23°C not resistant Edible fats waxes and oils at 100°C resistant Ethane at 23°C resistant Ethanol at 23°C resistant Ethyl Acetate at 23°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Ethylene at 23°C resistant Ethylene carbonate at 100°C not resistant Ethylene carbonate at 50°C not resistant Ethylene chlorohydrin at 23°C not resistant Ethylene glycol at 100°C not resistant Ethylene glycol at 23°C resistant Ethylene oxide at 23°C resistant Fatty acids at 23°C resistant Fluorinated hydrocarbons at 70°C resistant Fluorine at 23°C not resistant Formaldehyde (30% by mass) at 23°C resistant Formamide at 23°C resistant Formic acid (10% by mass) at 23°C resistant Formic acid (10% by mass) at 50°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Fruit juices at 23°C resistant Heptane at 23°C resistant Hexafluoroisopropanol at 23°C not resistant Hexane at 23°C resistant Hydraulic fluids at 100°C resistant Hydrobromic acid (10% by mass) at 23°C resistant Hydrochloric acid (20% by mass) at 23°C resistant Hydrofluoric acid (40% by mass) at 23°C not resistant Hydrogen at 23°C resistant Hydrogen peroxide (0.5% by mass) at 23°C resistant Hydrogen peroxide (3% by mass) at 23°C resistant Hydrogen peroxide (30% by mass) at 23°C resistant Hydrogen sulfide (10% by mass) at 23°C resistant Hydroquinone (5% by mass) at 23°C resistant Isopropanol at 23°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Ketones (aliphatic) at 23°C not resistant Lactic acid at 10°C resistant Linseed oil at 23°C resistant Lubricating oil (gear) at <130°C resistant Lubricating oil (hydraulics) at <130°C resistant Lubricating oil (transformers) at <130°C resistant Magnesium salts (10% by mass) at 23°C resistant Mercury at 23°C resistant Methane at 23°C resistant Methanol at 23°C resistant Methyl acetate at 23°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Methyl chloride at 23°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Methyl ethyl ketone at 23°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Methylene chloride at 23°C not resistant Methylpyrrolidone at 23°C resistant n-Butyl glycol at 23°C resistant Naphtha at 23°C resistant Naphthalene at 23°C resistant Nitric acid (2% by mass) at 23°C resistant Nitric acid (conc.% by mass) at 23°C not resistant Nitrobenzene at 23°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Nitrotoluene at 23°C resistant Octane at 23°C resistant Octene at 23°C resistant Oil (Shell 10W40) at 23°C resistant Oil (transformers, switchgear) at 50°C resistant Oils (vegatable, mineral, ethereal) at 23°C resistant Oleic acid at 23°C resistant Oleum (H2SO4+SO3) at 23°C not resistant Oxalic acid (10% by mass) at 23°C resistant Ozone at 23°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Palmatic acid at 80°C resistant Paraffin at 23°C resistant Petroleum at 23°C resistant Petroleum ether and solvents at 80°C resistant Phenol (conc.% by mass) at 23°C not resistant Phenol at >40°C not resistant Phosphoric acid (10% by mass) at 23°C resistant Phosphoric acid (3% by mass) at 23°C resistant Phosphoric acid (conc.% by mass) at 23°C resistant Phthalic acid (saturated) at 23°C resistant Potassium bromide (10% by mass) at 23°C resistant Potassium chloride (10% by mass) at 23°C resistant Potassium chloride (10% by mass) at 70°C resistant Potassium dichromate (5% by mass) at 23°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Potassium hydroxide (50% by mass) at 23°C not resistant Potassium nitrate (10% by mass) at 23°C resistant Potassium permanganate (1% by mass) at 23°C resistant Propane at 23°C resistant Propanol at 23°C resistant Propanol at >100°C not resistant Propene at 23°C resistant Propionic acid (5% by mass) at 23°C resistant Salicylic acid (saturated) at 23°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Silicone oils at <80°C resistant Silver nitrate (10% by mass) at 23°C resistant Sodium carbonate (10% by mass) at 23°C resistant Sodium chlorate (10% by mass) at 23°C resistant Sodium chloride (10% by mass) at 23°C resistant Sodium cyanide (10% by mass) at 23°C resistant Sodium dichromate (10% by mass) at 23°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Sodium hydroxide (10% by mass) at 23°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Sodium hydroxide (10% by mass) at 80°C not resistant Sodium hydroxide (50% by mass) at 23°C not resistant Sodium hypochlorite (10% by mass) at 23°C not resistant Steam at 23°C not resistant Stearate at 23°C resistant Stearic acid at 23°C resistant Styrene at 80°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Sulfur at 23°C resistant Sulfur hexafluoride at 23°C resistant Sulfuric acid (2% by mass) at 23°C resistant Sulfuric acid (conc.% by mass) at 23°C not resistant Sulfurous acid (saturated) at 23°C resistant Tetrachloroethylene at 23°C not resistant Tetrachloroethylene at 80°C not resistant Tetrahydrofuran at 23°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Tetralin at 23°C resistant Toluene at 100°C not resistant Toluene at 23°C resistant Transformer oil at 23°C resistant Trichloroacetic acid (50% by mass) at 23°C not resistant Trichloroethane at 45°C not resistant Trichloroethanol at 23°C not resistant Trichloroethylene at 23°C limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Trichloroethylene at >40°C not resistant Trichlorotrifluoroethane at 23°C resistant Trietanolamine at 23°C resistant Trifluoroethanol at 23°C not resistant Turpentine oil at 23°C resistant Urea (20% by mass) at 23°C resistant Uric acid (20% by mass) at 23°C resistant Urine at 23°C resistant Vaseline (acid free) at 23°C resistant Vinyl bromide at 23°C resistant Vinyl chloride at 23°C resistant Water (chlorinated) at 80°C resistant Water at 23°C resistant Wax at 80°C resistant Xylene at 100°C not resistant Xylene at 23°C resistant Zinc chloride at 23°C resistant - Machinery for Injection Molding
Arnite® grades can be processed on general injection molding machines.
Screw Geometry
Typically 3-zone screw designs with volumetric compression ratios of approximately 2.5 work fine.
Steel Type
Abrasive resistant tool steels which are normally used for glass and/or mineral reinforced materials are also to be used for Arnite® polymers in tools, nozzles and screws.
Nozzle Temperature Control
The use of an open nozzle with good temperature control and an independently-controlled thermocouple nearby the tip and heater bands with sufficient output is recommended.
Hot Runner Layout
Try to achieve a close contact with your hot runner supplier and Envalior as the material supplier, to be sure that the right hot runner system is chosen.
When processing Arnite® with hot runners, keep in mind these basic rules:- Central bushing heated separately
- Only use external heated system
- Manifold heated from both sides
- Tip with thermocouple in front (near gate)
- Very accurate temperature control in the gate area
- Temperature Settings for Injection Molding
Mold Temperature
Arnite®A should be processed in uniformly heated tools with actual measured surface temperature of (130 - 140°C / 266 - 284°F). These temperatures are necessary to produce well crystallized PET parts. Mold temperature below 130°C / 266°F may result in sticking behavior, due to low crystallinity on the surface. Exceeding surface temperature in poorly tempered sections of the mold, may also lead to sticking effects. Both phenomena will adversely affect the cycle time and/or deform the product.
A proper measuring device or built-in sensors to control the temperature is highly recommended.
Barrel Temperature
Optimal settings are governed by barrel size and residence time. Furthermore, the level of glass reinforcement and the presence or absence of flame retardant have to be taken into account. As a standard, a flat or a slightly increasing temperature profile should be applied. For flame retardant materials a flat profile is recommended.
Mold/Tool Measured Melt Nozzle Front Center Rear 130 - 140°C 270-290°C 270-290°C 270-290°C 270-290°C 270-280°C 266 - 284°F 518-554°F 518-554°F 518-554°F 518-554°F 518-536°F Melt Temperature
To generate a good and homogeneous melt, the melt temperature should always be above 270°C / 518°F. Optimal mechanical properties will be achieved at melt temperatures between 270-290°C / 518-554°F. We advise to frequently measure the melt temperature by pouring the melt in a Teflon cup and inserting a thermo probe into the melt.
Hot Runner Temperature
Hot runner temperature set to the same level as the nozzle temperature should work fine and not lead to excessive overheat of the Arnite® grade. When starting up, an increased tip temperature may be necessary to overcome a frozen nozzle.
- General Processing Settings for Injection Molding
Screw Rotation Speed
To realize a good and homogeneous melt, it is advised to set a screw rotation speed resulting in a plasticizing time that is just within the cooling time.
The rotational speed of the screw should not exceed 6500 / D RPM (where D is the screw diameter in mm).
Back Pressure
Back pressure should be between 30-100 bars effective. Keep it low in order to prevent nozzle-drooling, excessive shear heating and long plasticizing times.
Decompression
In order to prevent nozzle drool after plasticizing and retracting the nozzle from the mold, a short decompression stroke can be used. However, to prevent oxidation of the melt, which may result in surface defects on the parts, it is recommended to keep this as short as possible.
Injection Speed
Moderate to high injection speeds are required in order to prevent premature crystallization in the mold during injection phase and to obtain a better surface finish. Adequate mold venting is required to avoid burning at the end of the flow path (due to diesel effect).
Injection Pressure
The real injection pressure is the result of the flowability of the material (crystallization rate, flow length, wall thickness, filling speed). The set injection pressure should be high enough to maintain the set injection speed (use set injection pressure higher than the peak pressure if possible). Tooling air vents must be effective to allow optimum filling pressure and prevent burn marks.
Holding Time
Effective holding time is determined by part thickness and gate size. Holding time should be maintained until a constant product weight is achieved.
Holding Pressure
The most adequate holding pressure is the level whereby no sinkmarks or flash are visible. A too high holding pressure can lead to stresses in the part.
Cooling Time
Actual cooling time will depend on part geometry and dimensional quality requirements as well as the tool design (gate size).- Melt Residence Time For Injection Molding
The optimal Melt Residence Time (MRT) for Akulon® K223-P2 is ≤ 4 minutes with preferably at least 50% of the maximal shot volume used. The MRT should not exceed 6 minutes.
A formula to estimate the MRT is described below:
𝑀𝑅𝑇 = (∏D³ρ/m) * (t/60)
Whereas:
MRT = Melt Residence Time [minutes]
D = Screw Diameter [cm]
p = Melt Density [g/cm³]
m = Shot Weight [g]
t = Cycle Time [s]
Please note: In the calculation above, the hotrunner volume has not been taken into account. When a hotrunner is part of the setup, please add the hotrunner volume to the calculation.- Startup/Shutdown/Cleaning for Injection Molding
Production has to be started and stopped with a clean machine. Cleaning can be done with PET-GF, applicable cleaning agents or PET. Hot runners can also be cleaned and put out of production cleaning them with PET.
- Production Breaks for Injection Molding
During production breaks longer than a few minutes, we advise emptying the barrel. The temperature of the barrel and the hot runner [if applicable) should be reduced to a level far enough below the melting point of the compound in order to stop decomposition of the compound.
When the hot runner, nozzle, or even the screw is blocked, be aware that under these conditions a sudden outburst of molten material can take place. Always wear personal safety protections for hand/eye/body.
Safety & Health
- Safety
For the safety properties of the material, we refer to our SDS which can be ordered at our sales offices. During practical operation we advise to wear personal safety protections for hand/eye/body.
Packaging & Availability
- Packaging
Arnite® A grades are supplied in airtight, moisture- proof packaging.
Storage & Handling
- Material Handling for Injection Molding
Storage
In order to prevent moisture pick up and contamination, supplied packaging should be kept closed and undamaged. For the same reason, partial bags should be sealed before re-storage. Allow the material that has been stored elsewhere to adapt to the temperature in the processing room while keeping the bag closed.
Moisture Content as Delivered
Arnite®A grades are packaged at a moisture level < 0.02 w%.
Conditioning Before Molding
To prevent moisture condensing on granules, bring cold granules up to ambient temperature in the molding shop while keeping the packaging closed.
Moisture Content Before Molding
To prevent hydrolysis, the moisture content of Arnite®A should be maintained at an absolute minimum during processing. A level below 0.015 wt% or even to require ultimate mechanical performance, it is recommended to dry to levels in the range 0.005 to 0.008 wt%. Furthermore, pre-drying is required in case the material is exposed to moisture before molding (prolonged storage or open/damaged packaging). Moisture content can be checked by water evaporation methods or manometric methods (ISO 15512).
Drying
Preferred driers are de-humidified driers with dew points maintained between -30 and -40°C / -22 and -40°F. Vacuum driers with N, purge can also be used.
Moisture Content Time Temperature [%] [h] [°c] [°F] As Delivered 3-6 100-120 212-248 Open bag 3-12 100-120 212-248 Warm, dried granules should be prevented from cooling down and coming into contact with ambient air before entering the cylinder. Pellets should be fed with hot dried air straight from the hopper drier into the cylinder or via a closed loop system using hot dried air, from the stand-alone drier into the cylinder.
Regrind
Regrind can be used taking into account that this regrind must be clean/low dust content/not thermally degraded/dry, of same composition and similar particle size as the original material. The acceptable level of regrind depends on the application requirements (e.g. UL Yellow Card). Be aware that regrind can cause some small color deviations.