EcoPaXX® Q-KG6

Identification & Functionality

Chemical Family

Polyamides

Fillers Included

Glass Fiber

Polymer Name

Polyamide 410 (PA 410)

Reinforcement Form

Tape,

Unidirectional Fabric

Reinforcement Material

Glass Fibers

Composite Materials Functions

Resins, Binders & Matrix Materials

Plastics & Elastomers Functions

Resin

Technologies

Composite Materials,

Plastics

Product Families

Plastics — Engineering & Specialty Polymers

Polyamides

Composite Materials — Polymers & Resins

Thermoplastic Resins

Features & Benefits

Labeling Claims

Bio-based,

Sustainable

Materials Features

Light Weight

Product Highlights

As OEMs continue to downsize high-performance engines, cooling systems need to be smaller and more efficient. Coolant expansion tanks contain a volume reserve to compensate for volume differences of the liquid and cooling components due to thermal expansion. The coolant expansion tank is also known as the coolant reservoir, or overflow canister.
As the engine heats up, the coolant inside it expands. Without the expansion tank, the coolant would flow out of the overflow tube and be lost from the cooling system onto the street. Instead, the coolant flows into the expansion tank and remains in the system.
The requirements for the materials used in these parts are high.
The material must withstand:
• Under-the-hood temperatures of 105°C to 150°C
• Exposure to water glycol
• Internal coolant temperatures of 120°C to 137°C
• Internal pressure levels of more than 2.3 bar
• Vibration from the chassis or engine

The material must also demonstrate good welding properties, with high strength at the weld line at under-the-hood temperatures. Under these conditions, materials such as polypropylene (PP) and polyamide 66 (PA66) are at the limit of their performance capabilities. Manufacturers using these materials have increased wall thicknesses to meet the higher specifications required for the part. As the specifications for the materials continue to increase with smaller spaces and higher engine temperatures,
manufacturers can no longer improve the part’s performance by increasing wall thicknesses, as the materials have reached their limit due to manufacturing constraints.
 

A drop-in solution when PA66 fails

EcoPaXX® is a bio-based high-performance polyamide 410 (PA410) that provides outstanding performance across a broad range of applications. EcoPaXX® can be used as a drop-in solution without the need for retooling or costly tool modifications in cases where PA66 fails to meet changing requirements. EcoPaXX® demonstrates superior chemical stability and weld-line strength after aging, resulting in a part that lasts up to three times longer, with higher safety margins. This eliminates the need to replace the part during the lifetime of the vehicle, and reduces the risk of hazardous or explosive failure.

Designing for EcoPaXX®

When the coolant expansion tank is designed for production in EcoPaXX®, it can be optimized to fulfill functionality and application requirements at the lowest possible weight and cost. The material’s superior performance, especially for weld-line stability, is so high that the part can be produced with thinner walls, resulting in a 30% reduction in weight and 50% reduction in cooling times versus PA66. This thinner, lighter part design is technically superior, yet cost neutral compared with PA66.

Applications & Uses

Markets

Automotive & Transportation

Applications

Automotive & Transportation — Automotive

Cooling & Climate,

Exterior & Body,

Interior

Plastics & Elastomers End Uses

Coolant Expansion Tank,

Door Panel,

Electrical/Electronic Applications,

Flooring,

Wheel Housing Parts

Composites Processing Methods

Injection Molding

Plastics & Elastomers Processing Methods

Injection Molding

Potential Applications

Envalior's polyamide-based UD tapes with endless carbon or glass fiber reinforcements are viable, lightweight alternatives to metals in several applications. UD tapes, tape-based 2D fabrics and crossplies are used in structural and semi-structural applications, as well as in the selective reinforcement of injection molded parts.

 

A demonstration vehicle door panel made by JLR from carbon fiber-reinforced PA410, as well as fabric sheets woven from the same UD tape (EU-sponsored ENLIGHT project). The UD tape products were thermo-formed and glued to make the panel, which is 60% lighter than state- of-the-art, steel-based designs, while still fulfilling safety requirements. The full composite door consists of structural panels and a tape-wound side impact beam over an extruded, permanent mandrel.

 

Maxion Wheels and Envalior successfully manufactured and tested (Rim Rolling Fatigue) thin-walled hybrid, steelcomposite automotive wheel-rim reinforced with UD tape (tape-winding) made from glass fiber-reinforced PA410. The hybrid wheel-rim is 2Kg lighter and 30% more fatigue-resistant than state-ofthe- art, steel design, whilst inert to road salts and battery acids.

 

A vehicle central-floor module from carbon fiber-reinforced PA410 made by FCA (EU-sponsored ENLIGHT project). The UD tapes based ply-books were thermoformed to the final shape. The composite part is 18% lighter than state-of-the-art, steel-based designs, while still fulfilling safety requirements. The composite strength and dimensional stability are not affected by the E-coating process, a requirement of BIW parts.

Properties

Mechanical Properties

	Value	Units	Test Method / Conditions
Tensile Modulus	9500 / 7000	MPa	ISO 527-1/-2
Tensile Modulus (120°C)	4600 / -	MPa	ISO 527-1/-2
Tensile Modulus (160°C)	3700 / *	MPa	ISO 527-1/-2
Tensile Modulus (180°C)	3200 / *	MPa	ISO 527-1/-2
Tensile Modulus (200°C)	3000 / *	MPa	ISO 527-1/-2
Stress at Break	170 / 115	MPa	ISO 527-1/-2
Stress at Break (120°C)	85 / -	MPa	ISO 527-1/-2
Stress at Break (160°C)	70 / *	MPa	ISO 527-1/-2
Stress at Break (180°C)	65 / *	MPa	ISO 527-1/-2
Stress at Break (200°C)	60 / *	MPa	ISO 527-1/-2
Strain at Break	4 / 5.8	%	ISO 527-1/-2
Strain at Break (at 120°C)	8.2 / -	%	ISO 527-1/-2
Strain at Break (at 160°C)	9.4 / *	%	ISO 527-1/-2
Strain at Break (at 180°C)	10 / *	%	ISO 527-1/-2
Strain at Break (at 200°C)	10 / *	%	ISO 527-1/-2
Flexural Modulus	8500 / 6300	MPa	ISO 178
Flexural Strength	260 / 185	MPa	ISO 178
Charpy Impact Strength (at +23°C)	80 / 80	kJ/m²	ISO 179/1eU
Charpy Impact Strength (at -30°C)	60 / -	kJ/m²	ISO 179/1eU
Charpy Notched Impact Strength (at +23°C)	11 / 15	kJ/m²	ISO 179/1eA
Charpy Notched Impact Strength (at -30°C)	9 / -	kJ/m²	ISO 179/1eA

Thermal Properties

	Value	Units	Test Method / Conditions
Melting Temperature (10°C/min)	250 / *	°C	ISO 11357-1/-3
Temperature of Deflection Under Load (1.80 MPa)	215 / *	°C	ISO 75-1/-2
Temperature of Deflection Under Load (0.45 MPa)	243 / *	°C	ISO 75-1/-2
Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion (parallel)	0.32 / *	E-4/°C	ISO 11359-1/-2
Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion (normal)	0.66 / *	E-4/°C	ISO 11359-1/-2

Electrical Properties

	Value	Units	Test Method / Conditions
Volume Resistivity	>1E13 / 2E12	Ohm*m	IEC 62631-3-1
Surface Resistivity	- / 1.5E14	Ohm	IEC 62631-3-2
Electric Strength	40 / 35	kV/mm	IEC 60243-1
Comparative Tracking Index	- / 600	V	IEC 60112

Other Properties

	Value	Units	Test Method / Conditions
Humidity Absorption	1.5 / *	%	Sim. to ISO 62
Density	1340 / -	kg/m³	ISO 1183
Biobased Content	70 / *	% (Bio C/Total C)	ASTM D6866-12 Method B

Rheological Properties

	Value	Units	Test Method / Conditions
Molding Shrinkage (parallel)	0.6 / *	%	ISO 294-4
Molding Shrinkage (normal)	1.1 / *	%	ISO 294-4

Regulatory & Compliance

Certifications & Compliance

ISO 14001,

OHSAS,

REACH (Europe)

Technical Details & Test Data

Envalior's Automotive Weight Loss Factory

Extreme light weighting of automobiles is the most efficient technology for reducing emissions and enhancing mileage. The Envalior Weight Loss Factory utilizes unidirectional, continuous fiber-reinforced, thermoplastic tapes as the fundamental building block of such light weight composite materials.

Our strategy extends well beyond just manufacturing the composite tapes. We also develop and specify processes such as Automatic Tape Placement (ATP), tape winding and tape-insert over-molding. and the necessary computer aided engineering (CAE) for part design and manufacturing process specifications. Envalior is active in the industry in specifying and standardizing composite material testing and quality specifications.

 

UD tape processes

 

UD tape manfucaturing process

1. Tape winding of parts with rotational symmetry (cylinders, tubes, box-beams etc.).
2. Automatic Tape Laying (ATL) (panels, sheets, etc.)
   • ATL panels are thermoformed to net shape
   • ATL panels are over-molded with structural features (ribs, etc.).
3. Hybrid metal-composite construction (composite patches glued to metal).

 

Technology and support

Design and CAE

• FEM analyzes (static & high-strain)
• Thermoforming and over-molding simulation
• UD tape winding and simulation
• Mold flow analyzes (injection-molding)

In-house macro & micro structural analysis of UD tapes

• Material-modeling and micro-mechanics
• Micro CT scans (void content, fiber-filament orientation, fiber-matrix adhesion, etc.)
• SEM micrography
• Tensile, flexural and impact testing.

Bonding

• Composite to plastic
• Composite to metal (with and without adhesives). 

Chemical Resistance

Chemical Type	Chemical Name	Resistance
Other	Acetaldehyde (40% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Acetamide (50% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Acetamide (50% by mass) at >140°C	not resistant
Other	Acetic acid (10% by mass) at 100°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Acetic acid (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Acetic acid (95% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Ketones	Acetone at 23°C	resistant
Other	Acetophenone at 23°C	resistant
Other	Acetyl chloride at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Acetylene at 23°C	resistant
Other	Acrylic acid at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Aliphatic amines at 23°C	resistant
Other	Aliphatic hydrocarbons at 23°C	resistant
Other	Alkylbenzenes at 23°C	resistant
Other	Allyl alcohol at 23°C	resistant
Other	Aluminum acetate (saturated) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Aluminum chloride (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Aluminum hydroxide (saturated) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Aluminum salts of mineral acids (saturated) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Aluminum trichloride (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Amino acids (saturated) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Ammonia at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Ammonium chloride (35% by mass) at 100°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Ammonium chloride (35% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Ammonium hydroxide (10% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Ammonium salts of mineral acids (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Ammonium salts of mineral acids (10% by mass) at 50°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Ammonium thiocyanate (saturated) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Amyl acetate at 100°C	not resistant
Other	Amyl acetate at 23°C	resistant
Other	Amyl alcohol at 23°C	resistant
Other	Aniline at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Anodizing liquid (HNO3/H2SO4) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Antimony trichoride (saturated) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Aqua Regia (HCl/HNO3) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Aromatic hydrocarbons at 23°C	resistant
Other	ASTM 1 at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	ASTM 3 at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Bariumsalts of mineral acids at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Benzaldehyde at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Benzene at 23°C	resistant
Other	Benzene at 80°C	resistant
Other	Benzoic acid (20% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Benzoic acid (saturated) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Benzyl alcohol at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Beverages at 23°C	resistant
Other	Bleaching agent (NaOCl) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Blood at 23°C	resistant
Other	Boric acid (10% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Boron trifluoride at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Brake fluids (DOT 3/4) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Bromine water (saturated) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Bromobenzene at 23°C	resistant
Other	Bromochlorodifluoromethane at 23°C	resistant
Other	Bromotrifluoromethane at 23°C	resistant
Other	Burnishing oil at 23°C	resistant
Other	Butadiene at 23°C	resistant
Other	Butane at 23°C	resistant
Other	Butanediols at 23°C	resistant
Other	Butanediols at >140°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Butanols at 23°C	resistant
Other	Butene glycol at 23°C	resistant
Other	Butene glycol at >160°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Butene-1 at 23°C	resistant
Other	Butter at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Butyl acetate at 23°C	resistant
Other	Butyl acrylate at 23°C	resistant
Other	Butyl glycolate at 23°C	resistant
Other	Butyl phthalate at 23°C	resistant
Other	Butyric acid (20% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Butyrolactone at 23°C	resistant
Other	Butyrolactone at >90°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Calcium chloride (10% by mass) at 100°C	resistant
Other	Calcium chloride (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Calcium chloride (alcoholic) (20% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Calcium chloride (saturated) at 100°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Calcium chloride (saturated) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Calcium chloride (saturated) at 60°C	resistant
Other	Calcium hydroxide (saturated) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Calcium hypochloride (saturated) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Camphor (alcoholic) (50% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Caprolactam (50% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Caprolactam (50% by mass) at >150°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Carbon disulfide at 23°C	resistant
Other	Carbon disulfide at 60°C	not resistant
Other	Carbon tetrachloride at 23°C	resistant
Other	Casein at 23°C	resistant
Other	Castor oil at 23°C	resistant
Other	Chloral hydrate at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Chloramines (10% by mass) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Chlorinated biphenyls at 80°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Chlorine water at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Chloroacetic acid (10% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Chlorobenzene at 23°C	resistant
Other	Chlorobenzene at 50°C	resistant
Other	Chlorobromomethane at 23°C	resistant
Other	Chlorodifluoroethane at 23°C	resistant
Other	Chlorodifluoromethane at 23°C	resistant
Other	Chlorofluoroethylene at 23°C	resistant
Other	Chloroform at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Chlorosulfonic acid (10% by mass) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Chromic acid (1% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Chromic acid (10% by mass) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Chromyl chloride at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Cinnamon at 23°C	resistant
Other	cis-2-butene at 23°C	resistant
Other	Citric acid (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Citric acid (20% by mass) at 80°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Cobalt salt (20% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Copper sulfate (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Copper(II) salt (10% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Cresols at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Cycloalcohols (incl their esters) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Cycloalkanes at 23°C	resistant
Other	Cycloalkanones at 23°C	resistant
Other	Cyclohexanol at 23°C	resistant
Other	Decalin at 23°C	resistant
Other	Developer (photografic) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Diamyl phthalate at 23°C	resistant
Other	Dibutyl phthalate at 23°C	resistant
Other	Dibutyl phthalate at 60°C	resistant
Other	Dichlorobenzene at 23°C	resistant
Other	Dichloroethane at 23°C	resistant
Other	Dichloroethylene at 23°C	resistant
Other	Dichlorofluoromethane at 23°C	resistant
Other	Dichlorotetrafluoroethane at 23°C	resistant
Ethers	Diethyl ether at 23°C	resistant
Other	Diethylene glycol at 23°C	resistant
Other	Diethylene glycol at >140°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Difluoromethane at 23°C	resistant
Other	Dimethyl acetamide at 23°C	resistant
Other	Dimethyl acetamide at >150°C	not resistant
Other	Dimethyl ether at 23°C	resistant
Other	Dimethylamine at 23°C	resistant
Other	Dimethylformamide at 23°C	resistant
Other	Dimethylformamide at 90°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Dimethylsilane at 23°C	resistant
Other	Dimethylsulfoxide at 125°C	not resistant
Other	Dimethylsulfoxide at 23°C	resistant
Other	Dioctyl phtalate at 23°C	resistant
Other	Dioxan at 23°C	resistant
Other	Dioxan at 60°C	resistant
Other	Diphenyl ether at 80°C	resistant
Other	Dipropyl ether at 23°C	resistant
Other	Drilling oil at 23°C	resistant
Other	Duck grease at 23°C	resistant
Other	Edible fats waxes and oils at 100°C	resistant
Other	Electroplating bath (acidic) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Electroplating bath (alkali) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Essential oil at 23°C	resistant
Other	Ethane at 23°C	resistant
Alcohols	Ethanol at 23°C	resistant
Other	Ethyl Acetate at 23°C	resistant
Other	Ethyl amine at 23°C	resistant
Other	Ethyl bromide at 23°C	resistant
Other	Ethyl chloride at 23°C	resistant
Other	Ethylene at 23°C	resistant
Other	Ethylene carbonate at 100°C	not resistant
Other	Ethylene carbonate at 50°C	resistant
Other	Ethylene chlorohydrin at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Ethylene glycol at 100°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Ethylene glycol at 23°C	resistant
Other	Ethylene oxide at 23°C	resistant
Other	Ethylene oxide at >80°C	not resistant
Other	Ethylenediamine at 23°C	resistant
Other	Fatty acids at 23°C	resistant
Other	Fatty alcohols at 23°C	resistant
Other	Ferric chloride (2,5% by mass) at 100°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Ferric chloride (2,5% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Fish oil at 23°C	resistant
Other	Fixer (photografic) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Fluorinated hydrocarbons at 70°C	resistant
Other	Fluorine at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Formaldehyde (30% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Formamide at 23°C	resistant
Other	Formamide at >150°C	not resistant
Other	Formic acid (10% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Formic acid (10% by mass) at 50°C	not resistant
Other	Fruit juices at 23°C	resistant
Other	Fuel; Diesel at 85°C	resistant
Other	Fuel; FAM 1A at 23°C	resistant
Other	Fuel; FAM 2A at 23°C	resistant
Other	Fuel; Gasoline at 85°C	resistant
Other	Fuel; LPG at 23°C	resistant
Other	Furfural at 23°C	resistant
Other	Furfuryl alcohol at 23°C	resistant
Other	Glucose at 23°C	resistant
Other	Glycerol at 170°C	not resistant
Other	Glycerol at 23°C	resistant
Other	Glycolic acid (30% by mass) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Glycols at 23°C	resistant
Other	Grease (based on ester oils) at <100°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Grease (based on metal soaps) at <100°C	resistant
Other	Grease (based on polyphenylester) at <100°C	resistant
Other	Hardening oils at 23°C	resistant
Other	Heating oils at 23°C	resistant
Other	Heptane at 23°C	resistant
Other	Hexachlorobenzene at 80°C	resistant
Other	Hexachloroethane at 23°C	resistant
Other	Hexafluoroisopropanol at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Hexane at 23°C	resistant
Other	Hydraulic fluids at 100°C	resistant
Other	Hydrobromic acid (10% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Hydrochloric acid (10% by mass) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Hydrochloric acid (20% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Hydrochloric acid (conc.% by mass) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Hydrofluoric acid (40% by mass) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Hydrofluoric acid (5% by mass) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Hydrogen at 23°C	resistant
Other	Hydrogen peroxide (0.5% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Hydrogen peroxide (1% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Hydrogen peroxide (3% by mass) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Hydrogen peroxide (30% by mass) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Hydrogen sulfide (10% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Hydroiodic acid at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Hydroquinone (5% by mass) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Impregnating oils at 23°C	resistant
Other	Ink at 23°C	resistant
Other	Iodine (alcoholic) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Iron(III)chloride (acidic) (10% by mass) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Iron(III)chloride (neutral) (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Iron(III)chloride (saturated) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Iron(III)thiocyanate (10% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	isoamylalcohol at 23°C	resistant
Other	Isocyanates (aromatic) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Isooctane at 80°C	resistant
Other	Isopropanol at 23°C	resistant
Other	Isopropanol at 60°C	resistant
Other	Ketones (aliphatic) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Lactic acid at 10°C	resistant
Other	Lactic acid at 90°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Lead acetate (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Linseed oil at 23°C	resistant
Other	Lithium bromide (10% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Lithium chloride (20% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Lithium hydroxide (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Lithium hydroxide (10% by mass) at 80°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Lubricating oil (gear) at <130°C	resistant
Other	Lubricating oil (hydraulics) at <130°C	resistant
Other	Lubricating oil (transformers) at <130°C	resistant
Other	Magnesium hydroxide (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Magnesium salts (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Maleic acid (25% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Maleic acid (saturated) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Manganese salts (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Mercury at 23°C	resistant
Other	Mercury(II)chloride (saturated) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Methane at 23°C	resistant
Alcohols	Methanol at 23°C	resistant
Other	Methyl acetate at 23°C	resistant
Other	Methyl chloride at 23°C	resistant
Other	Methyl ethyl ketone at 23°C	resistant
Other	Methyl formate at 23°C	resistant
Other	Methyl glycol at 23°C	resistant
Other	Methylamine at 23°C	resistant
Other	Methylaniline at 23°C	resistant
Other	Methylbromide at 23°C	resistant
Other	Methylene chloride at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Methylpyrrolidone at 23°C	resistant
Other	Milk at 23°C	resistant
Other	n-Butyl ether at 23°C	resistant
Other	n-Butyl glycol at 23°C	resistant
Other	Naphtha at 23°C	resistant
Other	Naphthalene at 23°C	resistant
Other	Naphthalenesulfonic acids at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Naphthenic acids at 23°C	resistant
Other	Naphthols at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Nickel nitrate (10% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Nickel salts (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Nitric acid (10% by mass) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Nitric acid (2% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Nitric acid (20% by mass) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Nitric acid (conc.% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Nitrobenzene at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Nitrobenzene at >100°C	not resistant
Other	Nitrocellulose lacquers (alcoholic) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Nitrocellulose lacquers (non-alcoholic) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Nitrogen oxides at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Nitromethane at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Nitropropane at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Nitrotoluene at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Nitrotoluene at >100°C	not resistant
Other	Nitrous fumes at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Nitrous oxide at 23°C	resistant
Other	Octane at 23°C	resistant
Other	Octene at 23°C	resistant
Other	Oil (Burmah TAF 21) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Oil (Castrol TAF) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Oil (Shell 10W40) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Oil (Shell Dexron ATF) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Oil (Shell Spirax EP90) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Oil (transformers, switchgear) at 50°C	resistant
Other	Oils (vegatable, mineral, ethereal) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Oleic acid at 23°C	resistant
Other	Oleum (H2SO4+SO3) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Oxalic acid (10% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Oxalic acid (10% by mass) at 80°C	not resistant
Other	Ozone at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Paint solvents at 23°C	resistant
Other	Palmatic acid at 80°C	resistant
Other	Paraffin at 23°C	resistant
Other	Pentane at 23°C	resistant
Other	Pentasin CHF 11 (S) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Pentasin CHF 7.1 at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Peracetic acid at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Perchloric acid (10% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Petroleum at 23°C	resistant
Other	Petroleum ether and solvents at 80°C	resistant
Other	Phenol (alc. sol.) (70% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Phenol (conc.% by mass) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Phenol at >40°C	not resistant
Other	Phenyl ether at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Phenyl ethyl alcohol at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Phenyl ethyl alcohol at >160°C	not resistant
Other	Phosphate sol. (neutral, alkaline) (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Phosphine at 23°C	resistant
Other	Phosphoric acid (10% by mass) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Phosphoric acid (3% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Phosphoric acid (conc.% by mass) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Phthalic acid (saturated) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Polyols at 23°C	resistant
Other	Potassium bromide (10% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Potassium chloride (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Potassium chloride (10% by mass) at 70°C	resistant
Other	Potassium dichromate (5% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Potassium hydroxide (50% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Potassium nitrate (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Potassium permanganate (1% by mass) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Potassium thiocyanate (saturated) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Propane at 23°C	resistant
Other	Propanol at 23°C	resistant
Other	Propanol at >100°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Propene at 23°C	resistant
Other	Propionic acid (5% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Propionic acid (50% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Pyridine at 23°C	resistant
Other	Pyridine at 80°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Pyrrolidone at 23°C	resistant
Other	Pyruvic acid (10% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Rainwater (acidic) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Refrigerator oil at 23°C	resistant
Other	Resorcinol (alcoholic) (50% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Road salts at 23°C	resistant
Other	SAE 80 at 23°C	resistant
Other	Salicylic acid (saturated) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Seawater at 23°C	resistant
Other	Silane at 23°C	resistant
Other	Silicone oils at <80°C	resistant
Other	Silicone oils at >100°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Silver nitrate (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Soap solution (10% by mass) at 80°C	resistant
Other	Sodium bichromate (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Sodium bichromate (5% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Sodium bromide (10% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Sodium cabonate (20% by mass) at 100°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Sodium carbonate (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Sodium chlorate (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Sodium chloride (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Sodium chlorite (10% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Sodium cyanide (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Sodium dichromate (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate at 23°C	resistant
Other	Sodium hydrogen carbonate (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Sodium hydrogen sulfate (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Sodium hydrogen sulfite (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Sodium hydroxide (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Sodium hydroxide (10% by mass) at 80°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Sodium hydroxide (50% by mass) at 23°C	limited resistant, tests necessary to verify
Other	Sodium hypochlorite (10% by mass) at 23°C	not resistant
Other	Sodium hypophosphite (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Sodium lauryl sulfate (30% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Sodium lignosulfonate at 23°C	resistant
Other	Sodium nitrilotriacetate (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Sodium oleate at 23°C	resistant
Other	Sodium pentachlorophenolate at 23°C	resistant
Other	Sodium pyrosulfite (10% by mass) at 23°C	resistant
Other	Sodium salts (nitrate, sulfate) (10% by mass) at 23°C	r Dynamic Shear Modulus (G)-Temperature (dry) Machinery for Injection Molding EcoPaXX® grades can be processed on general injection molding machines. Screw geometry Typically 3-zone screw designs with volumetric compression ratios of approximately 2.5 work fine. Steel type Abrasive resistant tool steels which are normally used for glass and/or mineral reinforced materials are also to be used for EcoPaXX® polymers in tools, nozzles and screws. Nozzle temperature control The use of an open nozzle with good temperature control and an independently-controlled thermocouple nearby the tip and heater bands with sufficient output is recommended. Hot runner layout Try to achieve a close contact with your hot runner supplier and Envalior as the material supplier, to be sure that the right hot runner system is chosen. When processing EcoPaXX® with hot runners, keep in mind these basic rules: Central bushing heated separately Only use external heated system Manifold heated from both sides Tip with thermocouple in front (near gate) Very accurate temperature control in the gate area   Temperature Settings For Injection Molding Mold Temperature EcoPaXX® can be used with a wide range of tool temperatures (80 - 140°C / 176 - 284°F). However, we recommend a low mold temperature for parts with thick walls and a high mold temperature for good dimensional stability, flow properties and surface esthetics. Barrel Temperature Optimal settings are governed by barrel size and residence time. Furthermore, the level of glass and/or mineral reinforcement and the presence or absence of flame retardant have to be taken into account Mold/Tool Measured melt Nozzle Front Center Rear 80 - 140°C 176 - 284°F 275-310°C 527-590°F 270-300°C 518-572°F 270-290°C 518-554°F 260-280°C 500-536°F 250-270°C 482-518°F Melt Temperature To generate a good and homogeneous melt, the melt temperature should always be above 275°C / 527°F. Optimal mechanical properties will be achieved at melt temperatures between 275-310°C / 527-590°F. We advise to frequently measure the melt temperature by pouring the melt in a Teflon cup and inserting a thermo probe into the melt. Hot Runner Temperature A hot runner temperature set to the same level as the nozzle temperature should work fine and not lead to excessive overheat of the EcoPaXX® grade. When starting up, an increased tip temperature may be necessary to overcome a frozen nozzle. Stress-Strain (cond.) General Processing Settings For Injection Molding Screw Rotation Speed To realize a good and homogeneous melt, it is advised to set a screw rotation speed resulting in a plasticizing time that is just within the cooling time. The rotational speed of the screw should not exceed 6500 / D RPM (where D is the screw diameter in mm). Back Pressure Back pressure should be between 30-100 bars effective. Keep it low in order to prevent nozzle-drooling, excessive shear heating and long plasticizing times. Decompression In order to prevent nozzle drool after plasticizing and retracting the nozzle from the mold, a short decompression stroke can be used. However, to prevent oxidation of the melt, which may result in surface defects on the parts, it is recommended to keep this as short as possible. Injection Speed Moderate to high injection speeds are required in order to prevent premature crystallization in the mold during injection phase and to obtain a better surface finish. Adequate mold venting is required to avoid burning at the end of the flow path (due to diesel effect). Injection Pressure The real injection pressure is the result of the flowability of the material (crystallization rate, flow length, wall thickness, filling speed). The set injection pressure should be high enough to maintain the set injection speed (use set injection pressure higher than the peak pressure if possible). Tooling air vents must be effective to allow optimum filling pressure and prevent burn marks. Holding Time Effective holding time is determined by part thickness and gate size. Holding time should be maintained until a constant product weight is achieved. Holding Pressure The most adequate holding pressure is the level whereby no sinkmarks or flash are visible. A too high holding pressure can lead to stresses in the part. Cooling Time Actual cooling time will depend on part geometry and dimensional quality requirements as well as the tool design (gate size). Stress-Strain (dry) Test Data EcoPaXX® vs. PA66 High strength after aging enables thin-walled parts that reduce weight by 30% over PA66 Reliable weld line for tanks that live up to three times longer Cost neutral compared with PA66 for a tank designed for production in EcoPaXX® EcoPaXX® vs. PPA Unlike PPA, EcoPaXX® can be used as a drop-in solution for PA66, using the same tools and processing settings EcoPaXX® Reduces carbon footprint by more than 60% Weight reduction achieves a savings of more than €6 per vehicle in saved CO2 penalties Drop-in solution for PA66-GF tooling if PA66 fails to meet requirements 60% Reduction of carbon footprint Weight reduction achieves more than €6 per vehicle in saved C02 penalties Melt Residence Time For Injection Molding The optimal Melt Residence Time (MRT) for EcoPaXX® Q-KG6 is ≤ 6 minutes with preferably at least 50% of the maximal shot volume used. The MRT should not exceed 10 minutes. A formula to estimate the MRT is described below: 𝑀𝑅𝑇 = (∏D³ρ/m) * (t/60) Whereas: MRT = Melt Residence Time [minutes] D = Screw Diameter [cm] p = Melt Density [g/cm3) m = Shot Weight [g] t = Cycle Time [s] Please note: In the calculation above, the hotrunner volume has not been taken into account. When a hotrunner is part of the setup, please add the hotrunner volume to the calculation. Startup/Shut Down/Cleaning For Injection Molding Production has to be started and stopped with a clean machine. Cleaning can be done with EcoPaxx® Q-KG6, applicable cleaning agents or HDPE. Hot runners can also be cleaned and put out of production cleaning them with EcoPaXX® Q-KG6. Production Breaks For Injection Molding During production breaks longer than a few minutes, we advise emptying the barrel. The temperature of the barrel and the hot runner [if applicable) should be reduced to a level far enough below the melting point of the compound in order to stop decomposition of the compound. When the hot runner, nozzle, or even the screw is blocked, be aware that under these conditions a sudden outburst of molten material can take place. Always wear personal safety protections for hand/eye/body. Packaging & Availability Packaging Type Bags, Boxes, Silos, Super Sacks Storage & Handling Material Handling For Injection Molding Storage In order to prevent moisture pick up and contamination, supplied packaging should be kept closed and undamaged. For the same reason, partial bags should be sealed before re-storage. Allow the material that has been stored elsewhere to adapt to the temperature in the processing room while keeping the bag closed.   Packaging EcoPaXX® grades are supplied in airtight, moisture-proof packaging.   Moisture content as delivered EcoPaXX® grades are packaged at a moisture level ≤ 0.15 w%.   Conditioning before molding To prevent moisture condensing on granules, bring cold granules up to ambient temperature in the molding shop while keeping the packaging closed.   Moisture content before molding EcoPaXX® is delivered at molding moisture specification (≤ 0.15 w%). We advise to pre-dry to overcome the fluctuation from package to package (see drying section below). Furthermore, pre-drying is required in case the material is exposed to moisture before molding (prolonged storage or open/damaged packaging). Moisture content can be checked by water evaporation methods or manometric methods (ISO 15512).   Drying EcoPaXX® grades are hygroscopic and absorb moisture from the air relatively quickly. Moisture absorption is fully reversible under the following drying conditions without compromising material quality. Preferred driers are dehumidified driers with dew points maintained between -30 and -40°C / -22 and -40°F. Vacuum driers with N, purge can also be used. Hot air ovens or hopper driers are not suitable for pre-drying EcoPaXX® grades; the use of such driers may result in non-optimum performance. Moisture content Time Temperature [%] [h] [°c] [°F] 0.1-0.2 and as delivered 2-4 80 176 0.2-0.5 478 80 176   Regrind Regrind can be used taking into account that this regrind must be clean/low dust content/not thermally degraded/dry, of same composition and similar particle size as the original material. The acceptable level of regrind depends on the application requirements (e.g. UL Yellow Card). Be aware that regrind can cause some small color deviations.