Suppliers results

The Plastics Group of America (TPG) manufactures, compounds, recycles, and distributes a complete line of thermoplastics to meet the needs of molding, extrusion and blow-molding processors. TPG's Polifil® line of reinforced resins utilizes additives and agents including mineral, talc, calcium, mica, glass and barium for various applications. TPG is ISO 9001-certified with a production facility in Woonsocket, RI and distribution points across the continental United States. "Custom Compounders Since 1973", TPG has continually exceeded customers' expectations in every facet of business, including product quality, competitive pricing, and customer service.

"Starbetter(Beijing) Chemical Materials Corporation, Ltd was founded in the 1990s. It is a professional chemical materials corporation focusing on the polymer additives business. Starbetter Chemical Materials Corporation, Ltd has passed the certification of ISO9001:2008 quality management system, strictly carrying out supplier selection, raw material evaluation, process monitoring, product testing and application assessment. Starbetter’s Polymer Additives Application & Research Center not only researches and develops new products, but also makes us sure to provide better solution for our customers. Starbetter’s technical team with rich experiences can solve the problems on formulation, extrusion process and injection molding together with customers in anytime in need."

Founded in 1980 and headquartered in Salisbury, NC, Aldo manufactures a comprehensive line of roof coatings including silicone, polyurethane and acrylic coatings for restoration of virtually all commercial roof systems. Aldo works closely with contractors, facility managers and consultants to make sure that restoration projects employing Aldo products result in lasting solutions. Roof restoration with Aldo roof coatings can save 50-70% compared to roof replacement in addition to providing numerous sustainability and operational benefits. Our silicone, polyurethane and acrylic coatings, extend the life of the roof for at least 10 years with the possibility of a renewal application. Products are manufactured using “Just in Time” production methods supporting quality, freshness and ease of application.

Established in 1990, Epoxytec manufactures specialty protective coatings and repair compounds with a specific focus on providing interior lining solutions for water and wastewater environments. Headquartered in Hollywood, Florida, Epoxytec collaborates with asset owners, engineers, and certified contractors to provide rehabilitative lining solutions worldwide. Commonly applied at a thickness of over 125 mils, Epoxytec’s structural grade epoxy is designed to deliver an ultra-high build, high strength lining that incorporates micronized reinforcement to seal against inflow and infiltration (I&I) and provide corrosion protection. In 2021, Epoxytec joined the Tnemec family of coatings, and continues to evolve and supply the coating industry with quality products offering unique advantages for challenging wastewater conditions. 

"Founded in 1972 by Dr. Tom Smoot, Kor-Chem was first established as a water treatment and cleaning chemical manufacturing company. Kor-Chem quickly gained a strong reputation for quality products and service, being recognized several times by U.S. Defense Supply Center (DSCR) as a Gold Medal supplier. Building upon these successes, Kor-Chem then began to grow into other market segments such as foodservice and automotive aftermarket products. In 2001, Kor-Chem was acquired by John Fitzwater and family. With many years of corporate specialty chemical experience, Mr. Fitzwater brought a passion and focus on product innovation and technology development. This is especially true in the area of coating chemistry where Kor-Chem greatly increased its’ presence with many successful specialty coating product lines. Kor-Chem acquired the PneumaSeal products business from Pneumateck Industries in 2005. PneumaSeal, the original tire sealant, uses patented technology that prevents and fixes flats in any pneumatic (air-filled) tire. PneumaSeal has international distribution and served to further expand and diversify Kor-Chem’s customer base and product offerings. Turning its’ focus to the graphic arts industry in 2006, Kor-Chem acquired LCM, Inc. a distributor of screen printing chemicals and supplies and again in 2008 when it acquired Sundry Tech Inc. a wholesale distributor of screen printing chemistry. These acquisitions served as base for Kor-Chem’s rapid expansion of environmentally preferred screen printing chemistry products. To continue the trend expansion in graphic arts, Kor-Chem acquired Brewers Printing Ink of Georgia in 2012 and TW Graphics Florida/J&S Inks in 2015. Both companies had been successfully serving their markets for over 30 years. These acquisitions fully integrated Kor-Chem as a graphic arts resource, created additional manufacturing facilities and expanded the capabilities to ink, adhesive and pigment dispersion manufacturing for flexographic and screen printing applications. Today, Kor-Chem, Inc. continues to innovate as a growing leader in formulating and manufacturing specialty chemical solutions. The already impressive portfolio includes over 2000 products in institutional cleaners, industrial products, printing inks and cleaners, coatings, adhesives and pigment dispersions. Kor-Chem moves forward with a relentless commitment to delivering customers innovation, dedicated service and customized solutions."

"For over half a century, Robinson Rubber Products, a custom rubber manufacturing company, has been designing, developing and manufacturing custom rubber components and extruded profiles for original equipment manufacturers and industrial companies worldwide. We specialize in complex components including multiple inserts, homogenous parts and rubber bonded to metal and other substrates. Our ability for creating high-quality solutions for the most demanding applications makes us the premier rubber supplier. We have the experience to provide everything from innovative rubber component design and specially formulated rubber compounds to precision assembly. With the highest quality and customer service standards, Robinson is committed to continuous improvement in all aspects of custom rubber manufacturing. Combined with Global Resource Initiative™, Robinson Rubber Products gives you a single rubber manufacturer for quality, affordable rubber solutions."

"IMS Polymers was established in 2014 in Turgutlu Organized Industrial Zone – Manisa . We develop and produce functional engineering plastics for many sectors, especially electrical & electronics, white goods, automotive, energy, health, construction sectors. Our people are committed to producing functional and innovative composites. The materials developed in the laboratory are characterized by using internationally accepted test and analysis methods and then submitted for mass production. IMS Polymers takes maximum care to ensure the continuity of material quality in production. Our company established an R&D office in the ideEGE technopark building within Ege University in January 2015 in order to develop university-industry cooperation and carry out product design studies."

"QuakeWrap, Inc., the original innovator and developer of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) products for infrastructure repair and renewal. QuakeWrap and QuakeWrap, Inc. President/CEO Prof. Mo Ehsani have spent over 25 years pioneering advanced construction technologies utilizing FRP. QuakeWrap’s patented FRP products – including the innovative PileMedic® and PipeMedic® repair systems – are field-proven to rehabilitate, retrofit and strengthen assorted structures worldwide, with award-winning results. QuakeWrap solutions represent an extraordinary improvement over traditional infrastructure repair methods. We strive on creating new innovative products that result in higher quality, faster construction time and at a lower cost. This is evident by the numerous patented technologies we have developed, such as PileMedic® for repair of deteriorated steel, timber and concrete columns and submerged piles, SuperLaminate® for spot repair of pressure pipes, StifPipe® for repair of gravity or pressure pipes subjected to external gravity loads, and InfinitPipe® a revolutionary onsite manufactured pipe of virtually any size and length. QuakeWrap was founded in 1994 by Dr. Mo Ehsani, Professor Emeritus of Structural Engineering at the University of Arizona, who pioneered the introduction of FRP to the construction industry and is an internationally-recognized expert on the subject. Dr. Ehsani has been featured on CNN, The History Channel, National Public Radio, and in other media, including Engineering News Record (ENR) for his expertise on the strengthening of structures, particularly related to earthquakes, terrorist attacks and other potential structural disasters."

HMC Polymers is a leader in the manufacture and marketing of polypropylene for Asia and worldwide. We offer exceptional value to our customers through a broad product portfolio manufactured in our latest technology production facilities. Through operational excellence, industry leading technology and customer focus, HMC Polymers delivers products that improve the quality of life for people in Asia and around the world.

Aquafin, together with our partner the Schomburg Group, continues a commitment to product innovation, excellence and sustainability. Our full system solutions encompass waterproof and protective coatings, repair mortars, topically applied moisture vapor mitigation systems and chemical injection grouts. In addition to providing the highest quality products we are dedicated to supporting our clients with technical expertise and practical know how gained over many years of on-the-job experience.

"Delta Tecnic was created in 1982 to supply raw materials to the plastics, cables, inks, paints and cosmetics industries with the exclusive distribution of leading brands worldwide In 1989, Delta Tecnic founds the Deltacolor Masterbatch division to produce Masterbatches for different applications for cables and PVC industries. Today, Delta Tecnic exports Deltacolor Masterbatch in more than 50 countries. Since 1982, Delta Tecnic is focused on technological innovation and quality of service providing in-depth knowledge of the market and formulations, always optimizing customer processes so to become a technological partner focused on product development and innovation. In more than 35 years, Delta Tecnic has grown to become a top company in the ranking of trading companies in Spain, as well as one of the main manufacturers of Masterbatch for the cable and PVC business world."

Arqlite manufactures a composite pellet, 100% recycled, to be blended with PP and PE resins for extrusion and injection molding, cutting down costs by 30%

"The PCC Group is an international capital structure consisting of several dozen companies operating in three important branches of the economy. They include chemistry, energy and logistics. Organizations within the PCC Group are both business units, conducting production activities, and service companies, operating simultaneously to meet the needs of the external market. The PCC Group is centrally managed by the German company PCC SE, which comprises 82 entities operating in 41 locations across 18 countries. One of the key elements of PCC SE’s strategy is the dynamic development of the chemical business division by utilizing the potential of new market segments and diversifying the portfolio of raw materials and chemical formulations in accordance with the current trends in various industries. Every day, our specialists work on the stable growth and development of their organizations, building up the strength of the PCC Group and, as a result, establishing a solid business platform for all contractors interested in reliable and long-term cooperation."

Experience and competence since 1961. The history of plastics is still young they have only been manufactured since the beginning of the 20th century and have made our everyday lives easier in many ways ever since. Centroplast has dedicated itself entirely to the development and manufacture of plastics since 1961. Today we produce thermoplastics and semi-finished products and components made from them for companies from almost all areas of the economy. Our main location is still Marsberg in the north-eastern Sauerland. In our short history we summarize the most important milestones of our company for you.

Winn & Coales International Ltd is the owner of the recently acquired VISCOTAQ products formerly Amcorr Products & Services. Amcorr Products and Services started its business in June 2000 in San Antonio, Texas, United States of America. Today our group has distribution channels and partners throughout the world. Amcorr Products and Services is the manufacturer of VISCOTAQ products. VISCOTAQ is used for corrosion prevention at pipelines, storage tanks, soil to air transitions, above ground flanges, pipe crossings, and in the ditch applications. Furthermore VISCOTAQ offers a unique waterproofing line to stop water infiltration at pipe casings, buildings, vaults, storm drains, sewer lines and more. VISCOTAQ products are manufactured in the USA under ISO 9001 and are filed for patents.

Imperial Water-proofing Industries Pvt. Ltd. is a Mumbai-based, closely held company that was founded in 1959 and excelled in manufacturing waterproofing products and rubber based adhesives. In 1994, we ventured into manufacturing NBR-PVC polyblends under the brand, Rubaloy. We focus on service, quality and innovation in every aspect of our manufacturing and marketing process, which has made us the largest producer of NBR-PVC polyblends in the country and one of the largest in the world. We are a government recognized export house as well as an ISO: 18001-2007company.

Sundow Polymers Co., Ltd is a high-tech chemical enterprise integrating research and development, production, sales and technical services. The company was founded in 2010, headquartered in Weifang City, Shandong Province. Its production facilities located in Weifang Binhai Chemical Park, a national approved chemical zone. Sundow Polymers Co., Ltd adheres to take technological innovation as a motive force to promote product portfolio optimized. At present, its main products are chlorinated high polymers and PVC processing auxiliaries. The annual production capacity of its leading products are: 50,000 tons of chlorinated polyethylene, 20,000 tons of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, 10,000 tons of high chlorinated polyethylene, 5,000 tons of chlorosulfonated polyethylene, 15,000 tons of acrylic impact modifier (AIM), 20,000 tons of acrylic processing aids.

"Established in the year 1992, Niknam Chemicals Private Limited is engaged in manufacturing, exporting, and supplying of quality fire retardants, flame retardants & smoke suppressant chemicals. These Flame Retardant Chemicals encompass aluminum trihydrate, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, antimony trioxide, flamex, molybdenum trioxide, and other fire retardants chemicals and smoke suppressant products. Our fire retardant chemicals, fire retardant additive, flame retardants and smoke suppressant chemicals find application in industries such as plastic, rubber, paper, and textile. We stringently check our range of fire retardants, & smoke suppressant chemicals. In our organization, we have highly skilled professionals to check the range as per best industry norms. Further, some of our overseas clients have expressed satisfaction over our QA / QC procedures.Owing to stringent quality checking, our products find application in Cable, PVC compound, Conveyor belting, Polymer, FRP & SMC/DMC manufacturing industries. Our organization was started by Mrs. Indu Ladha and Mr. Sushil Ladha. They have 25 years of experience in the field, which helps us in the quality production of our range. Moreover, under the able guidance of our mentors, we are able to create a vast customer base across the globe in countries such as UAE, France, Oman, and UK."

Maintaining its leadership position in technical expertise and production capacity, the petrochemical division provides a wide range of products from the development of basic petrochemical such as naphtha to the manufacturing of synthetic resins.

"Thirumalai Chemicals Limited (TCL) is a publicly listed company in India. TCL ranks among the largest producers in the world of Phthalic Anhydride, Malic Acid, Maleic Anhydride and Fumaric Acid. As a Responsible Care Company, safety, integrity and people are their main pillars. REACH certified products adhere to the highest standards of health and safety. TCL has a presence in more than 34 countries. It has well planned and widespread infrastructure with regional offices in major cities of India. TCL's international marketing strategy aims at direct relationship with end users to provide efficient service to the customers. It is supported by local specialized agents around the world."

"Shandong Nuosen Plastic Co.,Ltd located in Shandong Province (the north area of China), has been one of the biggest masterbatch manufacturers in China since 2008. Nuosen Plastic has focused on PE/PP masterbatch for over 13 years. We started as a small operation, but now have become one of the leading suppliers in the masterbatch industry in China.Nuosen Plastic now owns 30 production lines for masterbatch. The annual production capacity has reached to 64,000 metric tons, including black masterbatch 20,000MT, desiccant masterbatch 20,000MT, White masterbatch 10,000MT and color masterbtch 10,000MT filler masterbatch 4,000MT .We always feel that all success of our company is directly related to the quality of the products we offer. They meet the highest quality requirements as stipulated in ISO9001, SGS，ROHS, FDA guidelines and our stringent quality control system.With advanced production and test equipment, skilled workers, experienced technicians and great manufacturing capability, Shandong Nuosen Plastic Co.,Ltd enjoys high reputation among companies at home and abroad. We are cooperating closely with more than 500 companies in domestic, and exporting to 40 countries and areas, including United States of America, Thailand, Germany, Pakistan, Inida, Southeast Asia, the middle East, Africa, Europe and so on."

InnoPlastics AG uses matured technology to process plastic waste into high-quality plastic regranulates. The company produces around 16,000 tons of these each year. Standard products include the following types of granules: LDPE sheets and pipe qualities (transparent, colored, or gray tones ); HDPE and HDPE-LDPE mixtures are available in black or color for pipe applications. On request, we can grind, wash, and granulate to order. InnoPlastics AG, as the successor to Poly Recycling AG, builds on 30 years of experience in plastic recycling. Today it is one of the most respected and professional companies in the industry. Customers for InnoPlastics plastic regranulates include pipe and sheet manufacturers and injection-molding companies in Switzerland and the neighboring EU member state.

"Josef Vogt founded the company Vogt-Plastic in 1978 in his garage. This is how the history of our company first began with the manufacturing of technical plastic components and profile sections as a classic plastics processor. Today, we produce pure regranulates replacing virgin plastic out of mixed and contaminated plastic packaging. This is how our focus has moved towards the recycling of plastics. As a family business with 260 employees, we produce approx. 75,000 tons of regranulate per year. Today, his sons, Andreas and Dominik, manage the business."

Shandong Stair Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. was established in 2004. Our original factory is located in the middle section of Lijiang Road of Cao County in Shandong Province, with an area of 90,000 square meters and a building area of 22,000 square meters. Now, our new factory is located at No. 1 of Xingda Road of Cao County Chemical Industry Park in Shandong Province, with an area of 180,000 square meters, and a building area of 90,000 square meters. Integrating production, development, and trade, our company is mainly engaged in the production and sales of rubber auxiliaries and other fine chemical products. With modern technical facilities, strong technical support and complete detection means, we now are a specialized manufacturer of Rubber Antioxidant series, Rubber Accelerant series, Processing auxiliary series, Protective Wax series, as well as pharmaceutical intermediate and other fine chemical products. Up to now, we have successfully certificated to ISO9001:2008 quality management system, ISO14001:2004 international environment system, OHSAS18001:2007 occupational health and safety management system and ISO/TS16949:2009 quality management system. Up to now, our company has obtained a number of honors: We are entitled as the State High-tech Enterprise, "Abide by contract with good Credit worthiness" enterprise of Shandong Province and China Customs A Enterprise;Technical center of Shandong Province, Key Engineering Laboratory of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Academician Workstation and so on. Beside these, our products are entitled as the Recommended Brand Product of China Rubber industry Association, Famous Brand Products of Shandong Province and Shandong Province Famous Trademark; Star member of Shandong Province Chemical Industry, Model Enterprise of Heze Intellectual Property, A council unit of China Rubber Industry Association and a Vice Chairman Member of Rubber Auxiliary Branch of China Rubber Industry Association; Golden Bridge Awards of The 8th China Science and Technology Market, Golden Bridge Award Advanced Group of Science and Technology Market of Shandong Province, Information Technology Application Achievement Award of Shandong Province and Energy-saving Advanced Enterprise of Shandong Province. Adhering to such business principle of "Reputation first, Customer supreme, Mutual Benefit and continuous improvement ", we look forward to establishing a wide range of cooperation with friends all around the world.

Welcome to Taiwan Colors & Chemicals (TCC). In here, you can find out all you ever want to know about inorganic pigment and stabilizer products. TCC offers whole chromate yellow , Molybdate red inorganic pigment and stabilizers for paint and plastic production. With pride, we serve the global market by having sales offices in Taiwan , Vietnam and China. By accomplishing various R&D tasks and Engineering a project, TCC has become the first inorganic pigment and stabilizers supplier in Taiwan. In the new millennium, TCC will prosper from its drive for continuous quality improvement, expanded product offering in inorganic pigment and stabilizer products. As the President of TCC, I invite you to look further and see how TCC can satisfy your needs.

"RIGON Chemie GmbH is an independent, privately owned company which has supplied a wide range of specialty chemicals to customers worldwide for over 35 years. Our headquarters are located in Schlüchtern, approximately 80 kilometers northeast of Frankfurt a. M., right in the heart of Germany. Our high degree of flexibility is due to the fact that TRIGON CHEMIE GmbH not only trades in chemicals, but is also actively involved in the production through toll manufacturers. Through this out-sourcing of production by specialized long-term partners, we offer our customers a very wide portfolio of products of highest quality."

MultiSeal management utilizes combined knowledge and experience toward complete customer satisfaction. An ongoing commitment to produce superior quality products is maintained through Advanced Product Quality Planning, Continual Improvement, and historical data compiled from industry benchmarking and internal similar products and processes. Engineering works in conjunction with Manufacturing and Quality to design tooling and processes utilizing mistake proofing techniques to prevent production of non-conforming product. Quality improvement teams, capability studies, control plans, FMEA’s, and detailed weekly, monthly, and yearly quality reports contribute to the effectiveness of our ISO9001:2015 registered quality system.

"Shouguang Derun Chemical Co., Ltd. was established in 2006 and is located in Shouguang City, Shandong Province, a famous flame retardant production base. Relying on regional resource advantages and strong production and R&D capabilities, the company is committed to providing customers in various industries with the most competitive Products and services. After years of development, the company has now formed a multi-series and multi-variety product structure based on phosphorus-based flame retardants and bromides. Flame retardant products are widely used in plastics, rubber, grease, coatings, textiles, synthetic resins and various In the production and processing of cellulose-like products, it is especially used for various soft PVC flame-retardant insulation products, PU soft foam and hard foam, copper clad laminate, electronic potting glue, flame-retardant conveyor belt, lubricating oil, flame-retardant window screen, polyurethane coating And other fields. The company has long-term accumulation and its own unique advantages in phosphate flame retardants. Among them, the production capacity of toluene diphenyl phosphate and triisopropyl phenyl phosphate has reached the leading position in the country, and the products are exported to South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and Europe all year round. The United States and many other countries and regions have been widely praised and trusted by customers. Bromides mainly include sodium bromide and calcium bromide, and are currently mainly used in offshore oil drilling and completion fluids, cementing fluids, workover fluids, and sewage treatment fields. Relying on our own bromine resources, our company has now become one of the main domestic production and export bases of completion fluids and cementing fluids. In 2012, the company established a research and development center led by academicians and composed of doctors and graduate students. The center is committed to the transformation and upgrading of existing product production processes and the development and application of new flame retardants. At present, it has successfully developed a new type of ""halogen-free supplements"". ""Strong flame-retardant plasticizer"" and new halogen-free flame-retardant masterbatch products, some of which have been successfully introduced to the market. This series of products have successfully used nanotechnology to hybridize inorganic flame retardants, organic phosphorus flame retardants and nano-silica to achieve the three-effect combination of reinforcement, flame retardancy and plasticization. This series of products retain organic Under the premise of good flame retardant and plasticizing properties of phosphorus flame retardants, a new reinforcement function has been added, and the liquid phosphorus flame retardant has been successfully modified into a paste or powder form, which is more convenient to add and broadens the application field. This series of inorganic/organic nano-hybrid flame retardants are halogen-free, smoke-suppressing, high-efficiency, safe and environmentally friendly new polymer flame-retardant materials, especially suitable for the flame-retardant modification of epoxy resin, polyvinyl chloride and other engineering plastic materials , It has the characteristics of low addition amount and high cost performance. In the future, the company will continue to develop and market a series of new flame retardant products according to market needs to meet the individual needs of customers in various industries."

"At IB Roof Systems, we have seen a lot of changes in the low-slope roofing industry since 1978, and we have gained a lot of knowledge and expertise. We have used this knowledge to bring you the ultimate design and manufactured roofing systems for your low-slope roof. IB Roof Systems technical staff has accumulated decades of experience, answered countless inquiries, visited thousands of construction sites, and has educated every authorized applicator in the most effective use of our products. IB Roof Systems has PVC roofs that have been installed since 1978 and are still performing well for their owners. This is due to our tireless effort to stay on the cutting edge of single-ply membrane formulation and manufacturing technology. If you choose to install IB Roof Systems products, you can share the confidence in knowing we demand great quality. This is our most important feature. We strive to ensure that the products produced in our manufacturing facilities meet perfection. IB Roof Systems bases its success on three pillars of performance that support and reinforce our values. Quality products, exceptional service, and technical expertise. Additionally, by partnering with select contractors who are focused on setting themselves apart from their competitors by delivering best-in-class service with each installation, we provide building owners the opportunity to achieve the peace of mind they desire when selecting a roofing system that will protect their investment for the long term. These ideas are based on lessons learned from being in the roofing industry since 1978, and they are the principles that will guide us in a dynamic and ever-changing marketplace."

The Mainstay Composite Liner was originally developed by United States Steel (USS) Corporation as a process for lining uncured reinforced concrete pipe. The USS Chemicals division performed the first commercial application of Mainstay in 1962. Several million square feet of Mainstay were applied by U.S. Steel crews over the following nine years. In 1971, U.S. Steel decided to divest its coatings interests, including Mainstay. Madewell Products Corporation was established soon thereafter to manufacture Mainstay products. Over the last 50 years, Mainstay brand products have been used to line concrete surfaces in multiple markets throughout the U.S. and abroad. Today, Madewell Products manufactures a variety of cementitious and epoxy products. Madewell also manufactures specialized application equipment for use with these materials. Madewell's headquarters is located in Alpharetta, Georgia.

Composites Evolution supplies innovative materials to the global composites industry. As a team of composite materials engineers and formulation chemists, we are passionate about helping our clients develop new products. Working with our clients, we develop and supply raw materials that enhance, build and secure competitive composite products in a variety of market sectors, including automotive, motorsport, sporting goods, mass transport and consumer goods. Our products include fibers, resins and prepreg intermediates based on glass, carbon and bio-derived materials, developed to suit a wide range of composite molding processes and applications. Based from our new manufacturing facility in the UK we can support you with our in-house formulation expertise, flexible production capacity and composite design and processing know-how. Our materials are used in a variety of sectors including automotive, aerospace, marine, mass transport, sports & leisure and construction.

Yıldız Kolor has been operating in the plastic industry since 1993. They prioritize quality and innovation, and in 2004 they established a masterbatch production facility. They also sell concentrated dyes and flexo printing inks. With over 30 years of experience, they have become a reliable provider of plastic solutions.